
Book_i_ 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



%* 




]CKET Atlas x% World 



-^ 



HISTORY 



op THE 



i NITED STATES 



From the Discovery of Ajiekica xxtil the 
Present Time 



POCKET ATLAS 

;riIE AYOEL5J), 

CONT41NING v.T'^V'*, 



•MNING 

Colored Maps of each State and Territory in the tJNiTED 

State*, avitu Statistics showing Products and Re- 

socrces of the Various States ; also, Maps 

op Every Country in the World. 



C IIICAGO: 

Rand, McNali.y A: Co.. 148 Monroe Street, 

1887. 

^.cu, accorciif't? to Art 01 ». ung-iess, in the ye r 18o7, by 

TilE NP:W Y0.;K TllinUNK ASSOCIATION. 
In the Office or' the Librarian ot Oongress, at Washington, D. C. 



B'lt 



CONTENTS. 



THE COLONIES. 

PARE 

Chapter I.— Discovery and Exploration ..*...- 3 

Chapter II. — Settiement of Virginia 6 

Chapter III. — Settlement of Massachusetts 9 

Chapter IV.— Otber New England Colonies 13 

Chapter V.— Settlemen t of New York and New Jerr^ey 14 

Chapter YI. — Maryland, Pennsylvania, liirf Carolinas, and 

Georgia , 15 

Chapter VII. — Indian Wars in New England 18 

Chapter VIII. — The Colonies and the Crown 19 

Chapter IX.— The Ware with France 20 

THE EE VOLUTION. 

Chapter X.— The Prelude to the Revolution 25 

Chapter XI. — Beginning of the War 28 

Chapter XII. — The Declaration of Independence 30 

Chapter XIII.— From the Declaration of Independence to the 
Alliance with France 31 

Chapter XIV.— From the Alliance with France to the End of 

the War 33 

THE OLD UNION. 

Chapter XV.— The Constitution.— Presidency of Washitigton. . . 37 

Chapter XYI.— The New Wefet.— Presidency of John Adams.— 
Of Thomas Jefferson 39 

Chapter XVII.— Presidency of Jam-es 3Iadison.— War with Eng- 
land . 42 

Chapter XYIII.— Presidency of James Monroe.— The Missouri 
(.Jompromise.- Presidency of .t. (^. Adams 45 

Chapter XIX.— Presidency oi' i^nt^ew Jackson.— The Bank.— 
Nullification.— Presidency of • JVI. Van Buren.- Of W. H. 
Harrison.— Of John Tyler . ! 4v 

Chapter XX.— Presidency of James K. Polk.— The Mexican 
War.— California 49 

Chapter XXI.— The Fight for Free Territory. -Presidents Tay- 
lor, Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan.— Rise of the Republican 

Party.— Election of Abraham Lincoln 50 

THE REBELLION. 

Chapter XXIL— The Confederate States.— Fort Sumter. -Bull 
Run 53 

Chapter XXIII.— Capture of Forts Henry and Donelscn.— Shi- 
loh.— New Orleans.- The Monitor and the Merrimac— 
Campaign in Kentucky 55 

Chapter XXIV.— McClellan on the Peninsula.— Second Bull 
Ran.— Antietam.— Proclamation of Emancipation.— Fred- 
erickeburg.— Chancellorsville.— Ciettysburg 57 

Chapter XXV.— From the Fall of Yicksburg to the End of the 

War 60 

THE NEW UNION. 

Chapter XXVI.— Assassination of President Lincoln.— Presi- 
dency of Andrew Johnson.— Of General Grant 63 

Chapter XXVII.— Presidency of R. B. Hayes.- Assassination 
of President Garfield.— Presidency of C. A. Arthur.— Of 

Grover Cleveland.— Conclusion 65 

ii 



flE¥ YORK TRIBUNE'S 
HISTORY OF THE UHITED STATES. 



THE COLONIES. 



CHAPTER I. 

DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. 

For centuries there have been legends of prehistoric commtmi- 
cation between America and the Eastern hemisphere, wliich 
research has not been able to verify nor quite to overturn. It is 
not until near the close of the tenth century that we iind a positiye 
record of voyages to this continent. An Icelandic sea-rover of 
that date, driven out of his course by storms, reached Greenland, 
which must then have enjoyed a far more genial climate than it has 
now; and his report of the country led other Norsemen to visit it, 
and to plant settlements, whence expeditions coasted along the 
shores of New England, giving the name of Vinland to the country 
about Narragansett Bay, and probably reaching even the Bay of 
New York. These voyages, however, had no practical result; and 
after the destruction of tlie Greenland colonies, in the fourteenth 
and fifieenth centuries, the very memory of the Norsemen's discoY- 
eries perished. 

When Christopher Columbus, therefore, formed his project of a 
western voyage of discovery, the existence of unknown lands 
beyond the Atlantic was unsuspected. The latter part of the 
fifteenth century was a period of extraordinary enterprise and 
restlessness among the chief nations of Europe. Men were fasci- 
nated especially by maritime adventure, learning for the first time 
something of the true shape of the earth, dispelling the fables that 
had covered the distant seas with impenetrable darkness and en- 
circled the tropics with a zone of fire, and searching out convenient 
routes to the Indies, a region of romance and mystery which, in the 
popular imagination, offered inexhaustible wealth of gold, jewels. 
Bilks, spices, and all else that was rarest, most precious, and most 
beautiful. Columbus, who was a Genoese sea captain, had beeu a 
careful student of geography, correcting the scanty knowledge of 
the time by whatever he could learn from the reports of the most 
adventurous sailors. If any vague rumor of islands in the West 
reached him he seems to have put no faith in it. Satisfied that the 
earC^-v} was roimd, but greatly misconceiving its size, he believed 
that 'he could reach the Indies by sailing due west from Europe a 
digtiP'Uce of not more than 2,400 miles; and the fantastic dangers 
witll which scholars and navigators argued that such a route into 
the void must be beset he knew had no existence. His theory, 
therefore, embraced an error of no great consequence, with a truth 
of the first value to civilization. The discovery of America was 

iii 



IV NEW YORK TEIBUNE'S 

not an accident, but something reasoned out. As Humboldt says, 
it was "a'conquest of reflection.'" 

Columbus spent many years vainly urging his scheme at various 
European conns. He was listened to at last by the Spanish sover- 
eigns, Ferdinand and Isabella, the queen espousing his cause with 
especial generosity; and on the 3d of August, 1492, he was enabled 
to set sail with three small vessels from the port of Palos, in Anda- 
hisia. The voyage was long, and the crews, some of whom had 
been impressed, were in almost open mutiny, when land was made 
out on the morning of October 12th, and the adventurers went 
ashore upon a small green island, of which they took possession in 
the name of Ferdinand and Isabella. This island, called by 
Columbus San Salvador, was one of the group now known as the 
Bahamas, perhaps either the present San Salvador or the neighbor- 
ing Watling's Island; but the most careful investigation has 
failed to identify it positively. Columbus spent three months 
among the islands, visiting Cuba and Hayti, and returning to 
Palos in triumph, persuaded that he had reached the Indies and 
that Cuba was a part of the Asiatic continent. He made four 
voyages to the new world, discovering the South American conti- 
nent in 1498, and exploring part of Central America in 1502, but he 
never became aware of his mistake. Slandered by disappointed 
adventurers, and grossly ill-treated by Ferdinand, he died in poverty 
and disgrace. To crown the list of his wrongs, the country which 
he had fottnd was presently named in honor of one Amerigo 
Vespucci, a Florentine, who sailed with later expeditions and wrote 
a tract about the New World. 

The Spaniards pushed tbe explorations with energy. They 
overran the islands and the neighboring parts of Central and South 
America. Balboa crossed the isthmus of Darien and waded into 
the Pacific, the Ion'j:-sought South Sea (1513). Cortez conquered 
the rich Indian empire of Mexico (1519-21), and Pizarro overthrew 
the civilization of Peru (1531-6). Everywhere the Spaniards 
ravaged the land for gold. They built towns, established vice-regal 
governments, founded military colonies, drove the Indians to work 
in the mines, and in less than half a century raised upon lust, 
murder, avarice, slavery, and pillage, aJNew Spain, which poured 
uncounted millions into the treasury of the King. They crossed 
into the countries now forming the United States, where Ponce de 
Leon (1512) sought the fountain of perpetual youth in Florida. 
Panfilo de Narvaez wandered for six years (1528-34) between 
Florida and Mexico. Hernando de Soto, setting out from Florida 
on an errand of rapine and slaughter, discovered the Mississippi 
(1541) and was buried in its waters. Ayllon went as far north as 
Maryland, and expeditions from Mexico entered New Mexico and 
California. The Spaniards made the first permanent settlement in 
the United States at St. Augustine (1565), and the second at Santa 
Fe (1582). For a century alter the discovery they were by far the 
most redotibtable and most enterprising of the adventurers in the 
New World, and if the United States had yielded the gold of which 
they were in search it seems likely that they would have possessed 
the whole country. Fortunately the wealth of California was not 
revealed until the Spanish power had recoiled before a higher 
civilization. 

Other nations had not been entirely indifferent to the wonderxiul 
things happening across the ocean, but it was long before they 
realized their opport unity. John Cabot, a Venetian in the service 
of Henry VII. of Englancl, discovered the North American contirjent 
(1497) a year before the mainland of Sotith America was seeii by 
Columbus. He coasted from Labrador (probably) to Virginia., and 
his son, Sebastian, the next year cruised between Ne\vfouncl]an(l 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. V 

and Hatterae. Upon these voyages the English subsequently 
founded their claims to the country, but at the time no attempt was 
made to occupy it. Equally barren was the expedition of the 
Portuguese Cortereal (1500 or 1501)i who reached the mouth of the 
St. Lawrence. Verrazzano. an Italian in the French service, coasting 
from North Carolina to Maine (1523), was the first to learn that 
America is not a part of the Indies. TheFrench were more alert than 
the English, and more moderate in their ambition than the Spaniards, 
They engaged in the Newfoundland fisheries in the first years of the 
sixteenth centuiy, and as early as 1534 they attempted the coloniza- 
tion of Newfoundland and Canada. The three expeditions which 
they dispatched under Cartier between 1534 and 1541 were not 
successful; but in the combination of missionary and trading enter- 
prise these ventures exhibited tlie plan of action which the French 
afterwards followed with great profit. Their policy was to secure 
the traffic in furs by establishing intimate relations with the Indian 
tribes, and they secured their ascendancy more by the influence of the 
priests than b.y the shoAV of force. It was not until the beginning 
of the seventeenth century, however, when Champlain came out 
with a colony (1605), and the Jesuits established villages of Chris- 
tian Indiana in New England and New York, that the French 
settlements began to prosper. Quebec was founded in 1608. 
Champlain discovered the lake which bears his name in 1609. 

By this time England also had begun to compete in earnest for 
the great prize. Henry VIII-, Edward, and Mary were too busy at 
home to trouble themselves with American affairs; but in the reign 
of Elizabeth the whole nation stirred with a bold and adventurous 
life. Frobisher and Davis, searching for a passage to India, 
discovered the straits now called by their names; and Sir Francis 
Drake, half hero, half pirate, circumnavigated the globe (1577-80), 
pillaging the Spanish settlements of Chili and Peru, and taking 
formal possession of California. The first attempt by Englishmen 
to colonize any part of North America was made in 1583 by Sir 
Humphrey Gilbert and his half brother, the brilliant Walter Raleigh. 
Gilbert sailed in command of a fleet, and took nominal possession 
of Newfoundland, where many others Avere before him; but the 
colonists, after collecting some worthless mineral supposed to be 
silver, became disheartened and abandoned the enterprise. Gilbert 
perished at sea on the way home. Raleigh was not discouraged. 
He sent out two ships iinder Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow to 
explore further. They brought back so fair a report of the country 
about Roanoke Island, N. C, that the next year (1585) Ralph Lane 
was dispatched with a hundred men to plant a colony there, and 
Raleigh called the new land Virginia, in .honor of the "Virgin 
Q,ueen.'* Reduced almost to starvation by their own folly and 
misconduct, and involved in hostility with the Indians, the settlers 
were glad of the chance ofl:ered ihera tlie next season 1o go home, 
with Sir Francis Drake. A second colony biought out to Roanoke 
by Sir Francis Grenville (1586) and a third led by John White (1587) 
totally disappeared, and no trace of their fate has ever been discov- 
ered. Raleigh coukl do no more. 

The voyage of Bartholomew Gosnold, who discovered Cape Cod 
in 1602, and made an unsucceshful attempt to plant a colony on 
Cuttyhunk Island, in Buzzard's Bay, drew fresti attention to the 
New England coast, though Gosnold himself afterwards gave his 
Ber\ice to Virginia. Merchants of London and the west of 
England embarked in American ventures as a joint-stock enterprise, 
and James I. granted letters patent to two companies, with priv- 
ileges of trade and settlement m all the territory between Cape Fear 
and the Bay of Fnndy, or from the Spanish posts to the French. 
To the Plymouth Company, wiioso members were chiefly men of 



VI NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 

Plymouth, Bristol, and other ports of the West, was assigned all the 
coast north of latitude 38°. To the London CompaDy, so named 
because its shareholders were mostly men of London, was allotted 
aU the coast south of latitude iV. Thus their grants overlapped, 
the middle portion, from Long Island to the Chesapeake, bemg a 
common ground which either might occupy. Before either could 
avail itself of this privilege, however, a new competitor appeared, 
dividing the domains of New England and Virgiuia by^ a barrier 
more substantial than a royal patent. 

In 1609 Captain Henry Hudson, an IXiglishman in the service of 
the Dutch East India Company, searching for a passage to India, 
entered the Bay of New York, discovered the river which bears his 
name, and ascended beyond the present site of Albany. The Dutch 
based extensive claims to the coast upon his voyage. A very small 
part of their pretensions was ever recognized, but they promptly 
settled down to the fur trade on the Hudson, and built a temporary 
fort on the site of the present city of New York in 1613, and a 
permanent one near Albany in 1614. With their coming the occu- 
pation of the coast may be said to have become complete, and the 
eastern part of America was divided into five regions, known then 
or soon afterwards as New France, New England, New Netherland, 
Virginia, and Florida. They were separated from one another by 
undefined aad disputed limits, and on the west they had no bound- 
ariei at all. 

CHAPTER II. 

SETTLEMEXT OF VIRGINIA. 

It was the Loudon Company which made the first permanent 
English settlement in America. The partners sent out three small 
vessels commanded by Captain Christopher Newport, and carrying 
105 emigrants. They arrived in Chesapeake Bay in April, 1607, and 
the building of Jamestown, on James River, was begun the next 
month. The government of the colony was lodged in a council 
named by the King, and the councilors elected a president. The 
choice of oflScers was not fortunate, and the settlers, though there 
were some good men among them, were mostly of the refuse 
material always abundant in such new ventures. There were only 
twenty mechanics, with a mob of vagabond gentlemen, servants, 
soldiers, and idlers. Quarrelsome, mutinous, and improvident, 
they were kept in something like order solely by the personal 
influence of Captain John Smith, an adventurer of the best type, 
who had passed through some strange experiences in the wars 
against the Turks, and who brought to this Virginia undertaking a 
knowledgeof men. a capacity to command, the daring of an ex- 

Slorer, and the plain sense of a practical colonist. From the first 
e was the real leader of the community, so tar as they consented 
to have any. He saved them from starvation by getting corn from 
the savages ; he staved off hostilities with the natives; and on 
severaloccasions, when he fell into the hands of hostile Indians, 
he escaped death by his tact and ingenuity. 

The legend of his rescue by Pocahontas, the daughter of the 
po-werful chief Powhatan, and of the romantic attachment which 
the youn^girl afterwards showed for him, was long a favorite 
chapter or American history. Late research has thrown much 
doubt upon all the dramatic incidents of this story ; but it is cer- 
tain that Pocahontas showed great friendship for the whites, 
serving them bravely in their greatest need, brinjiing them food, 
and once averting a general massacre by hurrying to the settlement 
at night and giving warning of the intended attack. After Smith 



HIS TOBY OF THE UXITED STATES. VII 

had left the country, the ungrateful colonists took her prisoner by 
treachery, and held her for ransom. In her captivity she embraced 
Christianity, was baptized by the name of Rebecca, and marrying 
one of the emigrants named John Rolf e, went \Yithhim to England, 
where she was presented at court and gravely recognized aa a 
princess. She died in England, as she was on the point of return- 
ing to America. 

Even Smith's energy and ingenuity could not save the colonists 
from themselves. More than half of them perished the first year; 
and although three parties of recruits were sent out in 1608-9, they 
were of the same wretched quality as the original shipment. In- 
stead of tilliug the ground, they searched for channels to the un- 
known South bea, and loaded their ships with useless dirt which 
they supposed to contain gold. Smith had been elected president 
in 1608, but the next year he was Injured by an accidental explo- 
sion of gunpowder, and went to England for surgical aid. His 
departure, destined to be final, nearly proved the ruin of the 
colony. He left 490 persons iu the settlement, and in six months 
they were all dead but sixty, most of them by famine. 

The survivors built small vessels in which they hoped to reach 
the English fishermen off Newfoundland, and abandoning James- 
town in June, 1610, they set out upon their melancholy Toyage. 
But in the James river theymet an English fleet coming to their 
aid. It brought a large party of settlers and abundant supplies, and 
at the head of the expedition was Lord De la Warr, with a commis- 
sion as governor for life. The deserted houses of Jamestown were 
nowreoccupied; hope was restored; more profitable industries than 
gold-hunting were encouraged; food was easily raised on the fertile 
Virginia lands; valuable crops of tobacco were shipped to England; 
and before long, re6pectal)le young women began to emigrate to a 
country where the planters wanted nothing, perhaps, so much as 
wives. The improved state of things was owing in no small meas- 
ure to the wiser policy of the London Company, which had been 
reorganized, and had received a new patent. The proprietors now 
began to put away the delusion that Virginia was the gateway of the 
gorgeous East, and to learn that it offered wealth only as the reward 
of industry and prudent enterprise. 

Lord De la Warr did not remain long in America, and hi,s wise 
and firm administration was not always imitated by his successors. 
The Company, moreover, was slow to understand that thrifty and 
well-ordered communities were not likely to be created in Virginia 
by men who were too shiftless or vicious to live in England. Yet, 
by degrees, the better class of emigrants took control; many of the 
lazy gentlemen learned to work; and new settlements were estab- 
lished on the James river. The terms upon which the Company 
granted lands favored the formation of large plantations, and the 
English practice of selling convicts into servitude in Virginia for a 
period of years gave the rich proprietors a supply of labor. Prison- 
ers of this class were not always feloni, many being transported for 
political offences during the Scottish and civil wars, and on the 
expiration of their service they enjoyed the same rights as other 
colonists. African slaves were first brought in by a Dutch vessel in 
1619, and this was the beginning of negro slavery in the United 
States, though the number of slaves for many years was very small. 
The growth of a Virginian aristocracy, under all the conditions of 
the colony, was almost inevitable, and from an early date the 
division of classes was well marked, and the landed centry followed 
as far as they could the social customs of the Old Country. 

In 1619 the Company made an important innovation by instruct- 
ing Governor Yeardley to summon a representative assembly, the 
first legislature ever chosen in America; and two years later they 



VIII XBiy YORK TRIBUXES 

granted to the Tir^uia colony a written constitntion, by which au- 
thority was comiaea to a goyemor and council appointed by the 
Company, and an As-^embly, consisting of the connciiand a bouse of 
bnrge:^s€B. elected by the people. Bills'passed by the Assrembly, how- 
ever, required the as?ent of the governor and the Company. This fell 
far short of popular self-goTemmenr, but it was an advance upon the 
ideas of colonial management current at that time, and a good 
beginning for the development of political liberties. It is to the 
credit of the London Company that they so soiin perceived the 
truth wliich tbe whole later histbiy of !North American colonization 
has demonetratcd — that there \a no stability or principle of growth 
in commimities which are not taught to depend upon themselves. 
The policy of the Company, neveithelese, was little to the taeie of 
King James I., and after futile efforts to obtain from the colonists 
a surrender of their privileges, he canceled the charier in 1624. 
But beyond the substitution of a royal governor for one appointed 
by the Company, there was no immt'diate change in the adminii^tra- 
tion of the province. The dissolution of the trading corporation 
which had thus far maintained a more or less restrictive proprietor- 
phip over Virginia, rather helped the colonists in taking their inter- 
ests into their own hands. Under Charles I. they practically ruled 
themselves, and were allowed to levy their own taxes. Under the 
Commonwealth they secured the right of electing their governor, 
although they were conspicuous for their fidelity to the ilouse of 
Stuart. An aristr>cratic party obtained the upper hand after the 
Restoration, kept the Assembly in power beyond the term for which 
it had been elected, impo.sed severe taxc:«. and restricted the suffrage 
to landowners: but this was a reactionary movement witliin the 
colony itself, and not the only instance in our history in which pop- 
ular government has taken the freak of abridging popular liberties. 

Three times in the first half-century after the establishment of 
the Virginia Legislature, the prosperity of the thriving colony re- 
ceived a severe check. Powhatan was always a friend to the whites 
from the time of the marriage of Pocahontas. After hia death, his 
brother and successor. Opecancanough, comprehending better what 
the eteady encroachments of the settlers foreboded, planned a gen- 
eral massacre, and on the 22d of JIarch, 1622, the savages sudienly 
attacked the plantations and killed 350 persons. The colonists 
gathered in fortified towns, and a blootly war followed. In a few 
days the number of settlements in Virginia was reduced from 
eighty to eight. The savages suffered severely, as well as the 
English; yetln 1644 they rose asain, killing several hundred of the 
colonists, and establishing a condition of more or less active hostil- 
ity, v.hich did not cease until they had been gradually expelled from 
the fertile cuaet region. 

An Indian v.ar on the border of Maryland (1675) brought on the 
third crisis in the history of the young colony. Intense dissatis- 
faction had been excited among the population by the exactions 
and usurpations of the aristocratic party in the local government 
and the oppressive policy of the Parliiiment at home. The plan of 
compelling the colonies to pay tribute to British tradesmen, which 
was destined a century later to cost the crown so dear, had already 
been established, and the navigation laws of 1680 and 1663 forbade 
the Americans to buy or sell in any country except England, or to 
ship their produce in any except English vessels. Tbe laws bore 
severely upon a planting colony like Virginia, and v. ere harshly 
enforced. So serious was the dis^affcction that when a popular 
young planter named Bacon raised an armed force to repel the 
Indian forays, the governor. Sir William Berkeley, distrus-ting his 
ultimate intentions, declared him a rebel and attempted to di-'iJcrFc 
hia fuliowcrs. V.'iiatever m<iy have been Bacon's degigns, thia Mas 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. IX 

enough to inanre an insurrection. The volunteers first attacked and 
beat the Indians and then marched ogainst Jamestown, which they 
bnrned to the ground (Sept., 1676) ; out Bacon died of fever in the 
midst of hie triumphs, and the rebellion was thereafter easily 
suppressed, without having clearly shown its character. After 
hanging twenty-two of the insurgents Berkeley returned to 
England, where his conduct was severely condemned. " The old 
fool," said Charles II., "has taken away more lives in that naked 
country than I did here for the murder of my father." 

The colony, often hampered but rarely controlled by the home 
government, grew steadily, and developed from its internal forces a 
type of civilization to which other southern colonies afterwards 
conformed. The heads of society and leaders in politics were the 
great landowners, whose estates sometimes reached the dimensions 
of a principality; and the centres of life were the country man- 
sions, where the planters maintained a lordly and somewhat barba- 
rous state, surrounded by hundreds of elaves. They shipped their 
tobacco and other crops directly from their wharves on the river to 
England; they received in the same way their fine clothing, their 
wines, their furniture, their carriages, and whatever manufactured 
articles could not be produced by the negro mechanics on the 
plantation. The class next below them in rank consisted largely of 
white bondsmen who had served their time, or descendants of the 
original adventurers cursed with hereditary unsuccesefulness. 
Although emancipated servants were denied no civil rights, the 
upper walkn of life were closed to them, and many of them became 
the progenitors of those "poor whites" upon whom the South 
learned "to look with especial contempt. The towns of Virginia 
were tew and poor; the shops and workshops were inconsiderable; 
there was little trade; none of the conditions favored a prosperous 
middle class; African slavery, putting a stigma u; on manual labor, 
fostered idleness, poverty, and ignorance in the very rank which 
ought to constitute the chief strength of the state. There were 
hardly any scliools ; planters' sons went to England for an educa- 
tion, or studied at home with private tutors. The Church of 
England was established by law and sustained from the taxes, and 
all other denominations were prohibited. The clergy were largely 
drawn from the failures of the profession— jovial, fox-hunting 
parsons who sat long over the bottle and kept religion as a gentle- 
mnnly exercise, for Sundays exclusively. 

Yet, in spite of all drawbacks, the Virginia colonists became dis- 
tinguished for noble characteristics. They were hospitable, gener- 
ous, chivalrous, and brave. They were ardent lovers of personal 
freedom. They were full of a manly independence, which gave 
them a foremost place among the patriots wf the revolutionary 
])criod, and they had a military aptitude of which Great Britain was 
to witness impressive proofs. 



CHAPTEcl III. 

SETTLEMENT OF MASSACHL'SETTS. 

The setLlemcnt of New England under the auspices of the Ply- 
mouth Company, althougli it was attempted even earlier than the 
foundation of Virginia, was not accomplished until some years after 
Jamestown had passed through its worst trials. Captain John 
Smith made a successful trading and fishing voyage to the territory 
of .the Plymouth Company in 1614, drew a map of the coast, and 
gave the country the naiiic of Now England; and his published 
reports did something towards stimnlatin;^ i-dyenture; but the first 



XEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 



permanent English colony within the limits of the Pl5'mouLh grant 
\vas made by accident, and without the Company's knowledge. 

Th'i Puritans, separatists from the English church, who fled 
to Holland rather than submit to what they believed to be popish 
forms of worship, dissatielied with their hard life in a foreign coun- 
try and among people who spoke another tongue, turned their 
attention towards America, as a land where they could worship in 
their own way, aud listen to th3 preaching of their own doctrines 
with neighbors of their own race. After sundry negotiations with 
the Dutch and other proprietors, they obtained a patent from the 
London Company for a settlement in Virginia, and then formed a 
joint-stock partnership with certain London merchants for trading, 
fishing, and planting, the merchants to furnish money for the outfit, 
the labor of every aSult emigrant to be reckoned equivalent to one 
share of £10, and the whole property to be divided at the end of 
seven years. Crossing from Delft Haven to England, the Pilgrims, 
as they were afterwards called, sailed from Plymouth September 6, 
1620. in the ship Mayflower, one hundred and two men, women, and 
children, under the leadership of Elder William Brewster. On the 
11th of November they cast anchor in what is now the harbor of 
Provincetown, on Cape Cod. This v.as outside the limits of the 
Virginia Company, and their patent was consequently of no use to 
them; but on ship-board, in order to provide for the emergency, 
they drew up a scheme of government, " covenanting and combin- 
ing themselves together into a civil body politic," and chose John 
Carver as governor. This has been regarded as an important prece- 
dent in popular government, but to the Pilgrims it was only a 
temporary device, and the nest ship from England brought them a 
patent from the Council for New Engl.iud (1621)- After exploring 
the sandy peninsula and the opposite shore of the mainland, they 
chose a site for their settlement and called it New Plymouth. The 
22d of December is observed as the anniversary of their landing, on 
a rock still shown as one of the most precious of American relics. 
In fact, however, it was on the 21st of December (new style, or 11th, 
old style) that they selected Plymouth for their new home, and it 
was not until the 25th (old style) that they actually debarkt d. 

They were wretchedly provided for a whiter in the wilderness. 
Scanty and irregular supplies of fish constituted almost their only 
food ; water was their only drink ; at one time the stock of corn 
being divided gave five kernels to each person. About half the 
company perished during the winter, and Governor Carver died in 
the sprmg. The little band, however, was stout-hearted. William 
Bradford was elected governor in the place of Carver, and to Miles 
Standish, who had been a soldier in the Low Countries, was com- 
mitted the military defence. By tact and boldness all serious 
trouble with the Indians was averted. A treaty of friendship was 
made with the powerful Massasoit, chief of the Whampanoags; 
and Canonicue, chief of the Narragansetts, w-as driven to ask for 
peace by Bradford's defiant reply to a hostile message. Food be- 
came abundant in the summer ; reinforcements arrived in the 
autimm; and a year later (1622) a day of public prayer and praise 
was appointed in gratitude for a good harvest— the first celebration 
of the New England festival of Thanksgiving. 

Having left England to get rid of the established church, the 
Pilgrims had no idea of tolerating the introduction of that hated 
institution into their new home. They banished a preacher named 
Lyford for holding worship according to the forms of the Church 
of England; with Oldham, an exile in the same cause, he settled at 
Nantasket, now Hull. ^Thomas Morton, a rollicking free-liver at 
Mount Wollaston (Quincy), surrounded himself with noisy advent- 
luers, who carried their disorder so far as to set up a May-pole; 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XI 

whereupon the New Plymouth people sent out an expedition, dis- 
persed, the settlement, cut down the pole, and shipped Morton to 
England. So much religious zeal was little to the taste of the 
London partners, who had gone into the enterprise as a matter of 
business. A quarrel followed, and as a result the colonists bought 
out the other shareholders, and divided the property. They were 
now no longer a trading company, even in name, but a self-govern- 
ing "body politic," which, though it never became numerous, 
maintained a virtual independence until it was absorbed in the 
greater colony of Massachusetts Bay. 

Two months alter the Pilgrims left England, the Plymouth 
Company obtained from King James I. a new concession, after- 
wards known as "The Great Patent," under which forty persons 
were incorporated as the Council for New England, with large 
powers of government, and privileges of trade between lat. 40° and 
lat. 48° (16^). This is the body from which the Pilgrims obtained 
their patent in 1621. It was eight years, however, before the Coun- 
cil accomplished any important new enterprise. Then (1628) they 
allotted to John Endicott and five associates the territory from 
three miles south of the Charles to three miles north of theMerri- 
mac (that is, from I3oston to New Hampshire), and the next year a 
charter was obtained for the colony in the name of the Governor and 
Company of Massachusetts Bay, in New England. Endicott went 
out at once as governor, and settled at Salem. Chartered only as a 
trading corporation, the chief purpose of the associates was never- 
theless the eame as that of the Plymouth Pilgrims— to establish 
Puritan communities secure from interference ^by the established 
church or the crown. With this end in view they made haste to 
remove the governing power under the charter from England to 
America, by choosing officers from thosestockholderswhoproposed 
to emigrate, a device which soon made a clear separation of the 
interests of the colonists from those of the parent orgiinization. 
Settlers now came out in great numbers, drawn almost entirely from 
the Puritan party. Whole congregations sometimes removed, with 
the minister at their head. As a rule they still professed fidelity to 
the Church of England, whose abuses of ritual and government 
they deplored; but by de^ees the divergence became as marked in 
doctrines as in forms, and the Puritans adopted a severe Calvinism. 
Most of the emigrants belonged to the substantial middle class; 
many were gentlemen of education, means, and social position. 
Never, perhaps, has the settlement of a new country been under- 
taken by such wholesale transfer of a thrifty, energetic, iutelligent, 
and weUfcordered population. In 1630 a party of about 1,000 came 
out, witli John Winthrop as governor, and founded Boston, namin? 
it after the town of Boston in Lincolnshire, to which many of them 
belonged. In this party there were four ministers. 

Toleration was not one of the virtues of that age, and the Puri- 
tans of Massachusetts Bay were even more exclusive than the 
Pilgrims of New Plymouth. They proceeded at once to build their 
civil government upon the church. Congregations were organized 
in every settlement, and only those who had been admitted to 
church membership were allowed the privileges of citizenship. 
Membership was not easily granted. It required a public avowal of 
religious experience, to which not everybody would submit, and the 
ministers rejected candidates whose conduct they disapproved or 
whose opinions they distrusted. Not more than a fourth part of the 
adult population ever was admitted to church membership under 
Puritan rule, and the proportion of qualified voters to the adult 
m'alos was usually much less than a fourth. Besides practically 
determining who should vote, the clergy had an extensive authority 
in all secular affairs; while the civil magistrates, on the other hand, 



XII NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 

were required to enforce religious observances and punish dissent. 
Tiiis stern theocracy, armed with the scourge, the branding iron, 
and the halter, and exerting the gloomiest, though not the severest, 
despotism to which an English community ever submitted, has been 
much denouncid as a usurpation. Technically it was such; but it 
f^eems to have been maintained with the cordial assent of the great 
majority of the population, who, indeed, might have put an end to it 
at any time had tney bo pleased. When it was finally overthrown, 
it was not by the people, but by the crown. In all the Puritan com- 
munities the introduction of the Church of England was au object of 
esi)ecial dread, and " prelatists " were punished, or ex( elled as unfit 
to inhabit the colony. The ferocity of the persecution of Quakers 
is not readily nnderstood, even if we remember that leaders uf that 
denomination, in the ISIassachusetts of the seventeenth century, were 
sometimes exasperating disturbers. They were imprisoned in chains, 
^ eared with hot irons, whipped at the carfs tail— both men and 
women— from town to town, ruined by fines, shipped to England or 
Barbadoes. Four were hanged, including a woman, Mary Dyer. 
The maltreatment of the Quakers was at last made one of the reasons 
for annulling the charter. Roger Williams was banished for deny- 
ing the authority of civil magistrates in matters of religion. Mrs. 
Anne Hutchinson, who instituted meetiogs of women to discuss 
theology, and taught thnt all believers were inspired by the Holy 
Ghost, was banished (1637), and her adherents were disarmed, lest 
some direct revelation should instruct them to rise in rebellion. 

'A belief in witchcraft was almost a natural con^equence of the 
Puritan conception of tbe spiritual life. Execution?for witchcraft 
took place as early as 1648. In 1688 the fear of witches became a 
terrible popular delusion, breaking out first in Boston, where au old 
Irish woman was hanjred, mainly on testimony that she spoke her 
own language, and could not say the Lord's Prayer in English. The 
panic owed its intensity and duration largely to the eerraons and 
writings of the Rev. Cotton Mather, a mighty divine whose credulity 
was ou a par with his violence. The disorder reached its height in 
Salem (1692), where a special court was ordered for the trial of 
witches, aud scores of persons were thrown into prison on the word 
of frightened children or the tattle of ill-natured gossips. In one 
year twenty persons were put to death; and when the inevitable 
reaction set in, eight were under capital sentence, one hundred and 
fifty were in jail, and many of the suspected had fled the country. 

Morose, superstitious, bigoted, severe, the Puritans nevertheless 
exhibited from the first some of the highest qualities of the founders 
of a free state. They represent, with the Virginians, the chi#tsoarce8 
of the national life. Nothing could be more striking or more 
picturesque than the contrast between the two classes of pioneers. 
But they had many things in common, especially a brave and self- 
reliant spirit. The Puritans had le-^s seu.sc of personal freedom 
than their Southern brethren, but a keener desire for political inde- 
pendence. Their civil government being founded on the churches, 
and the churches haying adopted the Congregational practice, every 
settlement enjoyed a large measure of home rule, aud the develop- 
ment Of the autonomy of the towns, so characteristic of the New 
England system, was easy and rapid. The jealousy of English 
interference, which sprang from special circumstances, ripened 
iuto an ardent attachment to the principles of political liberty. 
The Puritans, moreover, were industrious, enterprising, and full of 
resources. In spite of the navigation laws, which they evaded when 
they could, they practiced trades and built ships. They opened 
schools. They founded Harvard College as early as 1638, and the 
next year they set np the first printing press in the Enghsh-Ameri- 
can colonies. 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XIII 



CHAPTER IV. 

OTHER NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 

Maine and New Hampshire were settled under a grant from the 
Council for New England (1622) to John IMason and Sir Ferdinando 
Gorges, the latter of whom especially was long active in American 
adventures. The patentees named their territory Laconia. It lay 
between the Merrimac and Kennebec rivers. Settlements were 
attempted at once, Little Harbor (Portsmouth") and Dover being 
occupied as early as 1623, but for several years only a few weak 
fishing stations represented English enterprise on this part of the 
coast. Ciorges and Mason afterwards divided their grant, Gorges 
taking the eastern part and giving it the name of New somerset, 
changed to Maine in 1635, and Mason the western, which became New 
Hampshire. Both were claimed by Massachusetts as lying within 
her jurisdiction, and after complicated disputes, her authority was 
acknowledged by the New Hampshire towns, while she secured 
Maine by buying out the Gorges heirs. In 1680 New Hampshire 
was made a separate royal province ; Maine was not detached from 
Massachusetts until 1820. 

Rhode Island was the consequence of the persecution of Roger 
Williams. Driven from Boston and from Salem, and threatened 
with transportation to England, the young preacher fltd to the 
wilderness in the depth of winter, and found hospitality with 
Massasoit. He founded the town of Providence in 1636, collecting 
there the first congregation of Baptists in America. At tl e begin- 
ning his colony was a simple democracy, in which everything was 
decided by the vote of the whole people; but a royal charter was 
obtained in 1643. The rule of toleration in relijjion, adopted by 
Roger Williams as the foundation of his community, is justly re- 
garded as a chief glory of Rhode Island. But while the magistrates 
were forbidden to molest any one on account of religion, toleration 
did not necessarily imply equality of political privileges. A law of 
Rhode Island, purporting to have been passed in 1683, provided 
that only Protestant Christians should be admitted freemen and 
have liberty to vote and hold office. There is dispute as to the 
source and date of this restriction; but whatever is origin, it was 
several times re-enacted and was long in force. Jews were refused 
naturalization under it so late as 1762, and the exclusion of Roman 
Catholics, common to nearly all the colonies, was not repealed until 
1783. Nevertheless, in recognizing the right of dissent, Roger 
-Williams was far in advance of his generation, and after the 
principle had been admitted the full logical consequences could not 
be long delayed. 

The first settlement in Connecticut was made by the Dutch. 
One of their captains, Adrian Block, discovered the Connecticut 
and Housatonic rivers in 1614, and their traders soon established 
a commerce with the Indians along the shore of Louglsland Sound, 
in 1633 the Dutch Fort Good Hope was built on the Connecticut 
river, near the present site of Hartford. The English, claiming all 
this region, and never acquiescing in the Dutch occupation, tried to 
crowd out their thrifty neighbors. They settled just above Fort 
Good Hope, and they commanded the river by building Fort Say- 
brook at its mouth. This latter enterprise was the result of a grant 
to Lord Say and Sele, Lord Brooke, John Hampden, John Pym, 
and others in England, of the whole coast of Connecticut and half 
that of Rhode Island. The settlement, named from the two princi- 
pal proprietors, was afterwards incorporated with the colony of Con- 
necticut. It was a Plymouth party which had established itself 



XIV NEW YOSK TRIBUNE'S 

near the Dutcli fort, but it was not until emigrants from Massachu- 
setts Bay poured in that "the river towns," as they aie called, 
were firmly planted. The movement was a systematic transfer of 
the churches of Dorchester, Watertown, and Newtown (Cambridge), 
with their ministers at their head, the largest party coming from 
Newtown, Tinder Hooker and Stone (1636\ and founding Hartford, 
while the Dorchester and Plymouth people founded Windsor, and 
those of Watertown settled at Wethersfield. Bringing with them 
aii organization of government both ecclesiastical and civil, the 
towns began as independent political communities, the authority 
of a commission from Massachusetts, under which they acted for a 
year, being little more than nominal. In 1639, they met in mass 
convention at Hartford and adopted a constitution, the first example 
in history of a written instrument creating a government and lim- 
iting its powers by authority of the people themselves. The towns 
were recognized as existing political units, with self-derived powers, 
and the colony of Connecticut, as it was now called, was formed by 
a union in which the towns reserved certain important rights, such 
as the regulation of the franchise. The Hartford constitution was 
a remarkable foreshadowing of the American democratic and fed- 
erative principles; but like the Mayflower compact, it was, perhaps, 
an arrangement of immediate convenience rather than the delib- 
erate adoption of a political theory, for the colonists afterwards 
begged the royal sanction for their government, with apologies for 
not asking it sooner, and thaLkfuUy accepted a charter from 
Charles II. (1662). Their system of rule, preserved under the char- 
ter, was modeled upon that of Massachusetts, except that they did 
not require freemen to be church members. 

Theocracy was rigidly maintained, however, in the colony of 
New Haven, founded in 1638, by the Eev. John Davenport and a 
party of English Puritans. They had no patent or other external 
authorization, and their only title to the land Avas derived from the 
Indians. The government which they set up, therefore, in 1639, a 
few months after the Hartford confederation, was purely demo- 
cratic in its source ; but by their own votes the settlers decreed 
almost unanimously that the franchise should be limited to mem- 
bers of the church. They even surpassed the people of Massachu- 
setts in the severity of their Puritanism, adopting the Scriptures as 
the law of the land, applicable to all cases, and carrying magisterial 
meddling with private conduct to a length never before imagined. 
They were united with Connecticut by the charter of 1662, much 
against their will. 

CHAPTER Y. 

SETTLEMENT OF NEW VORK AND NEW JERSEY. 

The Dutch trading posts on the Hudson river grew slowly, the 
proprietors in Holland caring much more for the immediate traffic 
in beaver skins than for the possible advantages of colonization. 
After the incorporation of the Dutch West India Company, however 
(1621), more attention was paid to emigration. Thirty families of 
Walloons (Belgian and Flemish Protestants) were sent out in 1623, 
and a relic of their settlement is found in the name of Wallabout 
Bay on Long Island; Albany was begun; Manhattan Island was 
bought of the Indians for a sum equivalent to $24; Fort Amster- 
dam was built (1626), on the present site of the battery; and under 
its protection grew up the town of New Amsterdam, which was 
made the capital of the colony. To the colony itself was given the 
name of New Netherland. ICxtraordinary privileges were granted 
by the Company to those of its members who were willing to plant 



HISTORY OF TEE UNITED STATES. XV 

settlements at their own expense ; and under this system vast 
estates were allotted on the Hudson to semi-feudal proprietors, 
known as "patroons." A colon}-^ of Swedes established themselves 
on the Delaware at the present site of Wilmington, but they were 
compelled a few years later to submit to the Dutch. In spite of a 
severe Indian war, precipitated by the violence of the colonists 
under the governorship of William Kieft (1643), New Netherlaud 
prospered, and fifty years after its foundation the colony had 10,000 
inhabitants, while New Amsterdam counted about 1,500. Both in 
the capital town and in the outlying settlements there were many 
English, including sectaries of various sorts who had fled from the 
intolerance of the. English colonies. 

England had never ceased to assert her claim to the territory 
occupied by Dutch enterprise; but there had been no threat of a 
resort to force, when, in 1661, an English fleet entered the Bay of 
New York and demanded the surrender of the colony. Gov. 
Peter Stuyvesant had no means of resistance, and New Netherland 
passed peaceably to the possession of the Duke of York (afterwards 
James II.), to whom it had already been granted by his brother, 
Charles II. The name was now changed, and the administration 
was assumed 1).v the duke's appointee, Colonel Nicholls. In the course 
of the wars which followed between England and Holland, the 
Dutch recovered the colony as easily as they had lost it (1673), but 
it was finally restored to the English by treaty the next year. All 
these changes were accomplished without violence or popular dis- 
turbance. The inhabitants, drawn from many nationalities and 
religions, and occupied with a thriving trade, were ready to acqui- 
esce in almost any tolerable government. ' 

The grant to the Duke of York included what is now New Jer- 
sey. This territory the duke conveyed to Lord Berkeley and Sir 
George Carteret (1664), and it was named from the island of Jersey, 
in the English Channel, of which Carteret had beea governor. 
There were already some small Dutch settlements in the territory, 
and under the new rule a number of Quakers soon came out, the 
rights of Lord Berkeley having been purchased by members of that 
persecuted sect. When the Jerseys were divided, in 1676, the 
Quakers were mostly settled in West Jersey ; and although the 
share of Carteret was afterwards purchased by a partnership, in 
which William Penn, Robert Barclay, and other distinguished 
Friends were interested, and the prosperity of both colonies was 
largely owing to Quaker thrift and order, the prevailing influences 
in East Jersey continued to be Puritan. 



CHAPTER VI. 



SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND, PENNSYLVANIA, THE CAROLINAS, AND 

GEORGIA. 

George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore, a Roman Catholic, obtained 
from Charles I. a grant of territory north of the Potomac, which he 
named Maryland, m honor of Queen Henrietta Maria. It was the 
first proprietary province in America, and the lord proprietor pos- 
sessed large powers; but in the charter, drawn up by Lord Balti- 
more, it w-as stipulated that no laws should be valid without the 
consent of the freemen of the colony, or their representatives in 
Assembly— an admission of the right of the people to a share in 
legislation not found in any previous instrument. The settlers 
were also exempt from taxation by the crown, and the right of 
originating laws was soon conceded to them. Lord Baltimore's prin- 
cipal object was to establish an asylum for Roman Catholics. He 
died before the charter passed the great seal, and it was issued to 



XVI iV^ir YORK TRIBUNE'S 

his son Ctecilin?, second Lord Baltimore (1632"), under whose direc- 
tion the first party of colonists sailed the next year, with Leonard 
CaWert, brother of the proprietor, as governor. They comprised 
about twenty "gentlemen adventurers," and over two hundred 
laborers and servanta, most of the latter class being Protestants. 
Two English Jesuit priests and two lay brothers accompanied them. 
Landing on an island in Chesapeake Bay, March 25, 1634, they 
chose a place for their settlement on a small tributary of the Poto- 
mac, and called it St. Mary's. There was an Indian village on the 
spot, and the settlers established the mo-t cordial relations with the 
red men, buying not only their land but their wigwams, in which 
they sheltered themselves until they could bulla houses. They 
prospered from the first. 

Open protection for Catholicism would have been impossible at 
that day. Lord Baltimore's plan for securing the free exercise of 
his own religion was to grant complete toleration and equality to all 
denominations of Christians, and from this policy, in which he 
anticipated Roger Williams by four years, neither he nor his suc- 
cessors ever departed. The act of toleration passed at his instance in 
1649 was the legal ratification of a rule which had been very strictly 
enforced in the colony from the outset. Lord Baltimore's motives 
in taking this wise and liberal course have been attacked ; but what- 
ever alloy of selfishness may have been mixed with them, the fact 
remains that Maryland became a refuge for oppressed churchmen 
from New England and Puritans from Virginia, as well as for 
Catholics from home. Naturally, in such a gathering of exiles, there 
were many turbulent spirits who could not be at rest even in a 
sanctuary. When Clayborne, a VirginRi trader on Kent Island in 
Chesapeake Bay, refused to recognize Calvert's authority and raised 
an insurrection, a number of Puritan refugees joined him, and 
Calvert was driven for a time from the province (1644). After the 
execution of Charles I., Clayborne was one of the Parliament com- 
missioners appointed to look after the plantations within Chesa- 
peake Bay. With the aid of the Puritan settlers, the proprietary 
authority was overthrown (1655), and a new government excluded 
" papists and prelatists " from the benefits of the act of toleration. 
On the restoration, the lord proprietor was reinstated and the act of 
toleratfon was revived; but when Maryland was made a royal 
province under William and Mary (1691), the Catholics were again 
disfranchised, and they remained for three-quarters of a century 
under heavier exactions and more offensive disabilities in their 
own colony than anywhere else in America. 

Quieter fortunes befell another colony, founded like Maryland 
and Rhode Island upon the principle of religious freedom. Wil- 
liam Penn obtained from Charles U., in 1681, in satisfaction of a 
debt, a grant of territory west of the Delaware, to which was given 
the name of Pennsylvania; the present State of Delaware was 
added to it the next year. The domain was constituted a propri- 
etary province, Penn being the absolute owner and lord of the soil, 
and the charter was copied in part from that of Maryland. The 
chief object of the founder was to provide an asylum for Quakers, 
and most of the «arly emigrants were of that denomination, includ- 
ing some from Germany and Holland. The first party sailed in 
1681; Penn followed in 1682, and in two years the population was 
about 7,000. It is an impressive commentary upon the Puritan ha- 
tred of Quakers that the so-called pernicious sect established the 
most orderly and peaceful of all the colonic Soon after his land- 
ing Penn concluded a treaty of friendship with a large gathering of 
Indians, and near the site of the conference he founded the same 
year the city of Philadelphia. Before his return to England (1684) 
he established a frame of government, with a representative 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XVII 

assembly. Freedom of conscience and worship was Btrlctly ob- 
Berved, and no religious lest waa required ior the franchise except 
a belief in Chrietiauity. For two years (1632-94) Pennsylvania was 
attached to the royal province of New York; but at the end < f that 
time the rights of the proprietor were restored, and tiiey subsisted 
in the family until the State of Pennsylvania extinguished them by 
purchase in 1779. Penn made a second visit to America, and 
granted his colonists a new charter, enlarging their political priv- 
ileges. 

Between Virginia end the Spanish settlements in Florida still 
remained a large territory which both England and Spain claimed, 
but neither had seriously attempted to occupy. A few English 
(Quakers and other adventurous pioneers had straggled into the 
northern parts of this tiact, and Spanish missionaries had beea 
busy among the Indians; but colonization practically began under 
a grant made by Charles II. in 1663 to Lord Clarendon, General 
Monk, Lord Ashley Cooper (afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury), 
Berkeley and Carteret (proprietors of New Jersey), Sir William 
Berkeley (governor of Virginia), Lord Craven, and Sir John Colleton. 
The province was called Carolina, aud embraced the present States 
of North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, andpart of Flor- 
ida. Attherequcbtof Shaftesbury, John Locke, the famous English 
philosopiier, drew up for the proprietors a complicated scheme ot 
government, providing for a feudal nobility, an established church, 
and various Utopian institutions grotesquely nnsuited to settlers in a 
distant wilderness , and the attempt to force the vagaries of a theorist 
upon a somewhat indocile people kept the province in a turmoil for 
many years. The first settlements were made on the Chowan and 
Cape Fear rivers, and were known as the Albemarle and Clarendon 
colonies; the latter (1664; was the beginning of the town of Wilming- 
ton. Six years later the Carteret colony was established on the 
Ashley river, whence it was soon removed to a better situation at 
the junction of the Ashley and Cooper; and this became the city 
of Charleston. Negroes were introduced from the West Indies In 
1671i and South Carolina became almost at the outset a commu- 
nity of planters depending upon slave labor. Both the Carolinas 
were in frequent revolt against the proprietors ; at last, in 1729, 
Parliament purchased the rights of those personages, and the prov- 
ince became the two crown colonies of North aud South Carolina. 

Shortly after this change, settlements began in what is now the 
State of Georgia. General Oglethorpe, an English member of Parlia- 
ment, formed the design of establishing a colony in America, where 
persons who had been imprisoned for debt, and others of broken 
fortunes, might begin a new life. At the same time he hoped to 
interpose a barrier between the weak Carolina colonies and the 
Spanish power in Florida. Receiving a patent (1732) for all that 
neglected region south of the Savannah river (Georgia and Ala- 
bama), he sailed the same year with 135 persons, and founded Savan- 
nah in 1733. The first settlers did not all belong to the unfortunate 
classes for whom he was especially concerned. They included 
parties of Jews, Moravians, Scotch Highlanders, and German Prot- 
estants, with a great many random adventurers, ill suited to a 
l)ioneer enterprise. The colony suii"ered much both from internal 
troubles and from Spanish hostilities before it was firmly estab- 
lished. It became a joyal province in 1752, Alabama Wft8 HPt ^^' 
taciied until after the Revolution. * 

B 



XVIII NEW YORK TBIBVNE'S 

CHAPTER VII. 

INDIAN WARS IN NEW ENGLAND. 

The eettlers of New England were never tender in their dealings 
with the red men, and their first Indian war was the result of a 
'series of raids and murdLrs in which the eavagery was not all on 
one side. The Pequots, a warlike confederacy whose principal seat 
was on the river now known as the Thames, in Connecticut, planned 
a general massacre of the whites, in which they desired the Narra- 
gangettB to join them. But this tribe was induced by the persua- 
sions of Roger Williams to side with the colonists, and to furnish 
more ihan half the force which, in the spring of 1637, marched 
against the Pequot etrongholds. The Narragansetts were led by 
their chief, Miantonomoh ; there were some Mohegane under Uncas; 
and Connecticut and Massachusetts sent about 100 soldiery under 
Captains Mason and Underbill. A fortified Pequot village was 
surpri^ed at early dawn and set on fire; no quarter was given, even 
to women or children; but the Indians who did not perish in the 
flames were killed as they tried to break out. Two weeks later a 
second crushing defeat was inflicted upon the Pequots; some hun- 
dreds were made prisoners and sold into slavery, and the confederacy 
was permanently broken up. 

It was principally for the sake of better protection against the 
Indians that a confederation of "The United Colonies of New 
England" was formed in 1643. Delegates from Massachusetts, 
Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven met in each colony by 
turns, to consult for their common interests. Maine and Rhode 
Island were excluded on account of heterodox opinions. The con- 
federation was important as a first step towards union, but its 
immediate results were elight, and before the next general out- 
break of the savages it had fallen to pieces. The war with King 
Philip, chief of the Whampanoags or Pokanokets, on the east 
side of Narragansett Bay, and son of the early friend of the settlers, 
Massasoit, began from trivial causes. Driven from his villages 
and followed into the swamps in the summer of 1675, Philip broke 
through the lines of his assailants, joined the Nipmucks in the 
interior of Massachussetts, and roused the whole country. Every- 
where the smaller tribes took up arms, and they were far more 
dangerous than in former years, because now they were supplied 
with mitskets. Towns were attacked and burned. Remote settlers 
were massacred. Military detachments were decoyed into ambush 
and destroyed. The Narragansetts had taken no part in the rising, 
but the colonists distrusted them, and dispatched an expedition 
under Josiah Winslow, governor of Plymouth, to crush them, as a 
measure of precaution. " The Swamp Fight," in what is now the 
town of South K^ingston, Rhode Island, repeated the horrors of 
the Pequot afl'air, many of the Indians perishing in their burning 
wigwams; but on this occasion the whites also suffered severely, 
their losses amounting to about 240 men— a quarter of their whole 
number. The war now raged with increased barbarity. Warwick 
was burned. Providence was partly ruined. The whole of the 
Plymouth colony was overrun. Towns were deserted. Settlers 
were murdered.' Hostilities lasted until Philip was killed by a 
desefterfrom his tribe (1676), and "Witamo, the female eachem of 
Pocasset, who had lately been his chief supporter, was drowned 
in trying to escape from an attack by Major Church. The heads 
of Witamo and Philip were set up on poles to celebrate the triumph 
of the eettlers. Prisoners were hanged, or sold into the West 
Indies, or retained as slaves in New England. The tribes were 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XTX 

crushed forever, and from this time fast dwindled away. The 
colonists, on the other hand, lost six hundred men in battle besides 
the victims of massacre in the ^settlements, and twelve or thirteen 
of their towns were entirely destroyed. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

THE COLONIES AND THE CROWN. 

The independent spirit of Massachusetts showed itself at a 
very early day; for when, in answer to repeated complaints of the 
rigorous proceedings of the colonial magistrates, a royal commis- 
sion was appointed by Charles I. to revise ihe laws of the American 
plantations (1634), and even the Council for New England appealed 
to the crown again^t settlers who sought "to make themselves 
absolute masters of the country," the General Court hastened to 
fortify the port of Boston and take other measures for military 
defence. A demand for the delivery of the charter was refused. 
Charles I. was soon too busy with other affairs to pay much atten- 
tion to New England, and the matter was allowed to drop, until the 
restoration of Charles II. brought it again into prominence. But 
in the intervening quarter of a century all the colonies had gained 
the habit of self-reliance, grown accustomed to democratic princi- 
ples, and learned to make sharp distinctions between their own 
interests and those of the mother country. In New England— in 
Massachusetts especially— the jealousy of English interference 
sometimes amounted to positive enmity. At the restoration the 
Massachusetts General Court ordered a public thanksgiving; but it 
also took that occasion to make a declaration of rights, which left 
hardly nny perceptible power either to Parliament or the King, and 
yet probably did not go much beyond the uniform practice of the 
colony since its foundation. 

Oharles II. did not propose at first to revoke the charter, but he 
required the colony to administer justice in his name, to tolerate 
the Church of England, and to admit others than church members 
to the franchise. To these demands the General Court returned 
evasive answers. When royal commissioners were sent out to 
investigate complaints and settle boundary disputes, the General 
Court denied their authority (1664). When a royal commissioner 
of customs appeared at Boston, empowered to enforce the oppressive 
laws of trade, of whose violation the English merchants were com- 
plaining, the magistrates tore down the notice of his appointment 
posted on the exchange, and the Court created a naval ofiice of its 
owji to supersede him (1680). But Charles, committed now to the 
high prerogative policy, was no longer in the mood to trifle with the 
pretensions of the colonists. Under a writ of quo warranto the 
charter of Massachusetts was declared forfeited, and the settlements 
became a royal province (1684). This was virtually the end of the 
Puritan theocracy. Before any important change could be made 
in the administration of the government the King died. t 

It fell to James II. to carry out the purpose of nis brother of con- 
solidating the colonies under royal authority, and checking the rapid 
development of popular liberties. James was already in possession 
of the province of New York, where the rule of his deputies, 
although arbitrary, was not usually harsh. Under Gov. Thomas 
Don^au (1683), an Assembly was summoned, which framed a dec- 
laration of rights and settled the important point of the illegality of 
taxes imposed without the consent of the representatives of the peo- 
ple. When James became King, however, his policy changed. Sir 
Edmund Androa was sent to America with a commission as 



XX NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 

captain-general and governor of all New England (1686), and instruc- 
tions to set aside the existing charters. New York and New Jer- 
sey were presently added to his jurisdiction and included under 
the name of New England. His appointment was resented, but 
resistance seemed to be futile. Plymouth had no charter and was 
easily subdued. Rhode Island yielded after a brief opposition. 
New Hampshire was already a crown province. Maine was a part 
of Massacbuisette. In Connecticut the popular spirit was bo men- 
acing that Andros marchid to Hartford with troops to compel obe- 
dience. He appeared at an evening session of the Assembly and 
demanded the production of the charter. It was laid upon the 
table; but suddenly the lights were extinguished and the precious 
instrument, spirited away oy some patriotic hand, was hidden in a 
hollow oak (1687)- Its disappearance did not prevent Andros, how- 
ever, from declaring the charter government at an end. In Mas- 
sachusetts, where affairs had been administered under temporary 
devices since the forfeiting of the charter in 1684, the hostility to 
Andros and the royal chief justice, Dudley, was especially resolute. 
No measure of the new rule, perhaps, was more angrily resented 
than the declaration of indulgence, which gave complete toleration 
to Episcopalians, Quakers, and all other denominations; but the 
colonists had much more substantial grounds of complaint in the 
arbitrary taxation, the interference with land titles, and the tyran- 
nical restrictions upon personal freedom. 

On the news of the landing of William of Orange at Torbay, the 
colonists of New England rose at once. Andros and Dudley were 
imprisoned. The old governments quietly resumed their functions, 
as far as possible with the old officers. The Council of Virginia 
tardily proclaimed William and Mary, after threats of a popular 
revolt. In Maryland a no-popery insurrection, under an agitator 
named Coode, deposed Lord Baltimore. In New York a more for- 
midable rebellion, ostensibly " for the preservation of the protest- 
ant religion," was led by a militia captain named Jacob Leisler 
(1689-91), who, with his son-in-law and secretary, Milbourne, wae 
finally hanged for treason. The new King gave the colonists no cause 
to distrust nis Protestant zeal; but his views of the roval preroga- 
tive, so far as it concerned America, were not materially different 
from those of James. To the colonial bills of rights and habeas- 
corpus acts he returned decided negatives, and he continued the 
prohibition of printing. For a while, however, the attention of the 
Americans was diverted to foreign dangers. 



CHAPTER IX. 

THE WAKS WITH FKANCE. 

Since the beginning of the seventeenth century the French had 
been steadily extending their power through the region of the St. 
Lawrence, the great) lakes, and the Mississippi. They were in con- 
flict with the English in Maine, where so early as 1613, one of their 
mission stations on Mount Desert Island was violently broken up 
by an expedition from Virginia. They disputed the English claims 
on the East. They contended for the possession of Northern New 
York. In their service the priest and the fur-trader penetrated the 
Northwest. The Jesuit Marquette founded Sault Ste. Marie, and 
was the first to reach the upper waters of the Mississippi (1675). 
La Salle, the adventurous explorer, sent out by tlie governor-general 
of Canada, navigated the gi-eat river to its mouth (1682), and in the 
name of Louis XIV. took possession of the region thereafter styled 
Louisiana. Often tortured, burned, or hacked to pieces at th© stake, 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XXI 

the missionaries nevertheless obtained a strong influence over the 
eavages; and at the end of the century it might have seemed 
doubtful whether France, with her Indian allies and her chain of 
colonies and outposts, extending from New Brunswick through 
Canada and the Mississippi valley, was not destined to be the ruling 
power on th's continent. 

When war broke out between France and England (1689), in con- 
sequence of the dethroning of James II., the northern colonies 
vvere promptly involved in it. New York and New England fighting 
willingly as for their own existence. In King William's war, as it 
is called, the English government paid little attention to its Ameri- 
can subjects, but left them to defend themselves by their own 
resources, at their own cost, and in their own way. Both sides 
made use of the Indians— a practice not then regarded with the 
horror which it inspired in the authors of the Declaration of 
Independence— and the campaigns were marked by terrible brutali- 
ties. ]\Iany of the settlements of Maine and New Hampshire were 
ravaged, burned,or deserted, and for the disasters here Colonel Church 
afterwards took a bloody revenge. The Canadian governor-general, 
Frontenac, sent out war parties of French and Indians, which sur- 
prised Schenectady, N. Y., and Salmon Falls, N. H. (1690), and 
captured Casco, Me. New York and New England dispatched an 
expedition of whites and Mohawks to attack Montreal, but Fronte- 
nac beat it off. A Massachusetts fleet, in the meantime, under Sir 
William Phips, devastated the French settlements on the coasts of 
Acadia (Nova Scotia), and then sailed for Quebec, where Frontenac, 
fresh from his victory at Montreal, baftled their attack. 'When the 
treaty of Ryswick brought peace (1697), French and English colonies 
alike had suffered severely, and neither had gained anything. 

In Queen Anne's war (1702-13), springing like the previous contest 
from quarrels with which the colonists had no direct concern, 
France was not only much stronger in Northern New York and the 
West than before, and more definite and earnest in her ambition of 
American empire, but she was now in alliance with Spain. Hostil- 
ities began in Florida, where Governor Moore, of South Carolina, 
captured St. Augustine, only to retreat on the approach of Spanish 
vessels of war. Later, with a thousand savages, he fell upon the 
semi-civilized communities ot Christian Indians In Middle Florida 
and entirely destroyed them. A combined French and Spanish 
attack upon Charleston U706) was defeated, and a French frigate 
captured. In the North the worst excesses of Indian warfare were 
felt in Massachusetts, where Deerfield and Haverhill — the latter 
hardly recovered from pillage and burning in King William's war — 
were scenes of dreadful massacre. In 1710, however, a colonial 
expedition captured Port Koyal, in Acadia. The following year the 
home government tardily resolved upon an expedition "against 
Canada, sending out a fleet of fifteen ships of war and five of 
Marlliorough's veteran regiments, to which New York, Massachu- 
setts, and Pennsylvania added a large number of men and liberal 
supplies of money. But the campaign came to nothing. Losing 
part of his fleet and a thousand men, by wreck in the St. Lawrence, 
the English admiral abandoned the enterprise and sailed for home, 
and the advance of the land forces- was thereupon cut short. In 
her European campaigns, England had been more fortunate than in 
America, and by the treaty of Utrecht she acquired Newfoundland 
and Acadia, the latter known henceforth as Nova Scotia. 

Thirty years of general prosperity followed, broken by Indian 
troubles in the Carolinas and Maine, by controversies between the 
colonists and the home government, and by hostilities between 
England and Spain, in which colonial troops bore an arduous 
part. Then came King George's war (1744-48), the most impor- 



XXII NEW TOB K TRIBUNE'S 

tant incident of which was the captnre of the strong fortress of 
Louisburg (1745), constructed by the French on the island of Cape 
Breton after their expulsion from Acadia. This exploit was 
almost wholly a colonial enterprise, the principal part of the force 
being furnished by Massachusetts, and the commander being 
William Pepperrell, of Maine, The exultant Americans now 
meditated the conquest of Canada, and were eager to raise a 
colonial army, which the British ministry, however, would not 
permit, lest the provinces should grow too independent. The 
colonists were only allowed to menace Montreal while a British 
expedition should attack Quebec. But the British expedition never 
came; the costly preparations of the provincials went for nothing; 
a French Fleet, on the other hand, alarmed the coasts, until it was 
disabled by fever and dispersed oy sitorras the frontiers were 
harassed by Canadians and Indians; and finally the peace of Aix- 
la-Chapelle (1748) restored Louisburg to France, and gave her also 
the islands of St. Pierre and jiiquelon off the coast of New- 
foundland. 

Thus far the colonial wars with France had all sprung from the 
contests of the European powers; the decisive struggle, known as 
the French and Indian war, began with the clashing interests of 
the settlers themselves. At the middle of the eighteenth century the 
French, although their colonies increased very slowly in population, 
were steadily strengthening their position on the route from Canada 
through the Mississippi valley. They commanded the lakes at 
Niagara and Detroit; they had founded New Orleans (1718) and 
made it the capital of Louisiana; and they began to press upon the 
English frontiers in Western Virginia and Pennsylvania, where pio- 
neers from the tide-water settlements were now crossing the Blue 
Ridge and the Alleghanies, and turning their attention to the rich 
valley of the Ohio. Resolved to hold this country, the French built 
forts at Presque Isle, Le Bceuf, and Venango (Erie, Waterford, and 
Franklin, Penn.), roused the Indians, and seized English traders. 
The governors of Virginia and Pennsylvania received orders from 
England to expel the French wherever they were found within 
the limits of tliose provinces. A mission of remonstrance and in- 
quiiy from Lieutenant-Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, to the 
French at Fort Le Bceuf (1753) first brought George Waehiogton 
into public notice. He was in his twenty-second year when he 
undertook this dangerous winter journey, a dignified, high-minded, 
truthful, well-bred gentleman, used to a vigorous out-of-door life, 
knowing so much of the profession of arms as could be learned by 
militia service, and, for his time and circumstances, a yery respect- 
able scholar. He discharged his errand with great discretion, 
bringing back clear evidence of the French intentions, and recom- 
mending the immediate construction of a lort at the junction of the 
Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, the present site of Pittsburg. 
The work was begun by a small advance party, but the French 
drove them out and finished it for themselves, calling it Fort Du 
Quesne. An expedition of Virginia, New York, and South Caro- 
lina troops, was disconcerted by this misfortune; but Washington, 
succeeding to the command of the Virginia regiment on the death of 
his superior officer, distinguished himself alike in action and in a 
judicious and orderly retreat lo the Upper Potomac. 

There had been no declaration of war between Fiance and 
England, but the British ministry advised the colonists to hold a 
convention of delegates from the several Assemblies to provide for 
the general defence. Representatives oi New Hampshire, Massachu- 
eetts.lihode Island, Connecticut, NewYork, Pennsylvania, and Mary- 
laud {iccordingly met at Albany in June, 1754, and, goin^ somewhat 
beyond the advice of the ministers, proposed on the 4th of July a 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XXHI 

scheme of confederation whicli may be called the germ of the pres- 
ent Constitution. Its author was BeujAuiin Franklin, then deputy 
postmaster-general for America. He was forty-eight years of 
age, distinguislied for the vigor and effectiveness of his writings on 
public affairs, the strength of his attachment to the popular cause, 
the f-ijgacity of his political and economical teachings, and his 
acquirements in natural science. The plan of confederation, however, 
was rejected by the colonies because it left too much power to the 
crown, and disapproved by the crown because it gave too much 
authority to the people. 

A more practical measure of the ministry was the dispatch to 
America of two regiments of regular troops, to co-operate Mith 
which the provincial Assemblies voted seven or eight thousand men. 
The British general, Braddock, appointed commander-in-chief, 
undertook an expedition against Fort duQuesne with the regulars 
and a detachment of Virginians, and the provincials were to operate 
in the North and East. British regular officers knew little of the 
conditions of campaigning in America. Braddock was unable to 
move until Franklin, on his own pecuniary responsibility, collected 
horses and wagons for him from the A^rmersot Pennsylvania; and 
when at last on the march, the general haughtily rejected the advice 
of Washington, who accompauied him as aide-de-camp, that the 
Virginia rangers should scour the woods in advance. The conse- 
quence was an ambuscade, near Fort Du Quesne, July 9, 1755, in 
which Braddock was moi tally wounded, and the British lost more 
than half their men and all their guns and baggage. Only the 
gallantry and skill of Washington and the firmness of the pro- 
vincials saved the remnant. The expedition was abandoned, and 
Washington found full occupation in defending the frontier against 
the Indians and organizing nsj|i»levics. 

The chief command, after the death of Braddock, devolved upon 
Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts. He made an attempt upon 
Fort Niagara, but accomplished nothing. Gen. William John- 
son, superintendent of the Indians of New York, was a little more 
fortunate; for being dispatched against Crown Point on Lake 
Champlain, where ttie Canadians had established themselves over 
twenty years before, he defeated the French general, Dieskau, in 
the battle of Lake George, September 5, 1755, and built Fort William 
Ileury at the head of the lake. Still he was not able to reach 
Crown Point, or even to prevent the French from fortifying 
Ticonderoga. • 

Ttic one entire success of the campaign was the cspul-ion of the 
French Neutrals froni Nova Scotia. These people, remnants and 
descendants of the Acadians of the last generation, had always 
remained French in language, religion, and sympathy. Simple, 
industrious, and peaceable, their neutrality was mainly an affair of 
sentiment, and the persistent efforts of Canadian agents to rouse 
them into active hosiilities against their Engh^^h coiiqncrors seem 
to have met with no response. The Englisli, howevrr, resolved, as 
a measure of precaution, to remove tli^m fi'bm their homes aiul 
scatter them among the provinces. An expedition of provincials 
and regulars, under Gen. John Winslow, of Massachusetts, and 
Coloi.el Monckton, easily reduced the military posts on the French 
side of the Bay of Fundy (June, 1755), and then, assembling the 
Acadians by stratagem in their parish churches, hurried them on 
ship-board. About 6,000 were deported by this ruthless means; 
families were separated; the houses, lands, cattle, and crops of the 
exiles were confiscated; every colony received some of the destitute 
and heart-broken victims. 

War between France and England was declared in May, 1756, 
and the British government, sending a large body of troops to 



XXIV NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 

America, promised a vigorous campaign. The incapacity of the com- 
mander-in-chief, Lord Loudon, and tne arrogant reluctance of the 
regulars to co-operate with provincials, defeated almost every plan. 
In strong contrast with Loudon's weakness was the conduct of the 
alert and dashing French commander, -the gallant Marquis of 
Montcalm, who spread panic among the colonists and broke up 
their campaign by a sudden descent upon Oswego, where he made 
Important captures, and who later, while Loudon was making a 
feeble demonstration against Louisburg, fell upon Fort William 
Kenry and compelled its surrender (August, 1757). 

But the accession of William Pitt to the chief seat in the 
British cabinet now put a new face upon affairs. That able states- 
man understood the significance of the struggle in America, as none 
of his predecessors did. He recalled Loudon; he sent out a power- 
ful fleet under Admiral Boscaweu; he so inspirited the colonists 
that they raised even more than the 20,000 men asked of them; and 
at the beginning of 1758 Abercrombie, the new commander-in-chief, 
found himself at the head of 50,000 troops. Louisburg was captured 
in July, with 5,000 prisoners; and although an assault upon Fort 
Ticonderoga was repelled by Montcalm, Fort Frontenac (Kingston, 
in Canada) was captured with garrison and shipping, and Fort Du 
Quesue fell into the hands of Washington and his Virginians, and 
was henceforth called Fort Pitt. General Amherst took Ticou- 
deroga the next summer. 

The decisive event of the war was the capture of Quebec. For 
the attempt upon this formidable and important fortress Pitt 
selected Brigadier General Wolfe, a highly accomplished young 
officer, who had shown marked ability as second in command at the 
taking of Louisburg. With a fleet and 8,000 troops he ascended the 
St. Lawrence and debarked near the city, where Montcalm with an 
equal force was strongly posted awaiting him. Direct assault 
failed; bombardment, owing to the position of the fortress on a 
high promontory, was impossible. But Wolfe, after two months' 
disheartening trials, discovered a ravine in the steep bank; and by 
this path, so narrow and difhcult that it had been left vir- 
tually unguarded, he led a part of his army at night to the 
Heights of Abraham, in the rear of the town. At daylight on 
September 13, 1759,the English were drawn up in order of battle. The 
astonished Montcalm hurried from his camp and attacked with 
spirit; but the British line was not to be broken. Wolfe was killed 
at the moment of victory, Montcalm £ell mortally wounded while 
vainly trying to rally his defeated troops. Five days later Quebec 
surrendered; and although hostilities continued for some time 
longer, and Montreal was not given up uutil September, 1760, the 
fall of Quebec was virtually the fall of the French power in 
America. 

The war in the colonies had been over for three years when the 
treaty of Paris, m 1763, settled the terms of the peace. France 
divested herself of all her American possessions. Great Britain 
obtained everything east of the Mississippi except New Orleans: 
that town and the territory west of the Mississippi were transferred 
to Spain; and Florida was ceded to Great Britain in exchange for 
Havana, which had been captured from Spain during the war, 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XXV 



THE EEYOLUTIOISr. 



CHAPTER X. 

THB PRELTJDB TO THE REVOLUTION. 

During the last years of the struggle with France the colonies 
had been vexed with many Indian troubles among the tribes of the 
South as well as those on the French frontier; and the close of the 
war, with the substitution of English for French supremacy in the 
western country, brought on a rising, led by the Ottawa chief, Pon- 
tiac, which assumed a most serious charact r. The conspiracy of 
Pontiac (1763) involved an attack upon all the English border set- 
tlements from Virginia to the lakes. More than 100 traders were 
murdered. More than 530 families were massacred or driven from 
their homes Detroit was besieged by Pontiac for five months, 
and after the tribes were at last compelled to sue for peace, the 
indomitable chief continued for some years to incite war among 
those of the farther West. 

While the surrender of Canada relieved the colonists of their 
only rival, and gave permanent security to their frontiers, the re- 
joicings with which they celebrated the conquest we?-e not free 
from alloy. Seventy years of intermittent war had cost them dear. 
They had lost 30,000 soldiers; they had seen many of their towns 
laid in ruins; they had spent $16,000,000, of which sum the home 
government repaid only $5,000,000. Their population at this time 
did not exceed 2,000,t'00, of whom 350.000 were negro slaves. 
Virginia stood first, with 300,000 inhabitants; Massachusetts second, 
with 230,000; Pennsylvania, with nearly as many aa Massachusetts, 
ranked third-; New York was below the Carolinas, Marj^land, and 
Connecticut. The principal town was Boston, with 15,000 inhabit- 
ants, but Philadelphia and New York were fast overtaking it in 
population, while Newport, Norfolk, and Baltimore were becoming 
its rivals in trade. The New England colonies managed to keep up 
a profitable contraband traffic with the West Indies; but peace 
found the Americans, upon the whole, depressed, poor, and nearly 
exhausted with debt. 

It was a conjuncture in which a wise home government would 
have been careful to foster their industries and lighten their bur- 
dens. Great Britain made it an occasion for enforcing oppressive 
laws with new vigor and by hateful means. Ever since the revolu- 
tion which dethroned James 11., the commercial classes had been 
gaining influence in the British Parliameut, and it was their j olicy 
to crush the trade and manufactures of the colonies and force them 
tobuy whatever England had to sell. It was the shopkeejier rather 
than the King against whom America had now to assert her independ- 
ence. The navigation acts forbade the colonis-ts to ship their prod- 
ucts in any but English vessels, or, so far as the principal articles 
were concerned, to trade except with English countries. To please the 
London hatters, tht y were forbidden to export hats, or to send them 
from one colony to another. To satisfy other British interests, they 
were forbidden to manufacture iron, even so much as a nail ; or to 
send any manufacture of woolen out of the province in which it 
was produced; and an act was passed to destroy the most impor- 
tant business of New England, which was the exchange of timber 
with the French West Indies for molasses to be distilled into rum. 
Such laws inevitably produced an active smuggling trade, and to 
some extent the royal offictrs seem to have connived at it. On the 
acceesiou of the Grenville ministry, in 1763, it was determined to 



XXVI NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 

make America pay a share of the English war debt. Grenville un- 
dertook to enforce the obnoxious trade laws ; to establish a portion 
of the British army as a permanent garrison in America; and to 
raise money for the support of the troops by Parliamentary taxa- 
tion ol the colonies. These three measures were the immediate 
causes of the American Revolution. 

Grenville might have been warned by the opposition to the "writs 
of a^^sistance" tv\o years before. When the government granted 
these general search warrants, authorizing officers of the customs 
to break into any store or private house suspected of containing 
smuggled goods, the Americans made such vigorous resistance to 
what they declared to be an unconstitutional abridgment of their 
liberties that, although the legality of the writs was finally sus- 
tained by the courts, the officers did not venture to execute them. 
The attempt to tax the people without their consent was certain to 
be still more violently resented, for it was the invasion of a princi- 
ple which had been maintained in the leading colonies almost from 
the beginning. Nevertheless, after the passing of a declaratory act 
in 1761, Grenville brought forward his scheme of a stamp act. It 
was a tax imposed upon every legal paper and every document used 
in trade. Agents were appointed for the sale of the stamps. Vio- 
lations of the act could be tried in any royal or admiralty court, 
however distant, and without a jury. Troops were to be sent to 
America to overawe remonstrants, and the colonists were required 
to find them " quarters, rum, fuel, and other necessaries." The 
introduction of Grenvilk's measure produced a general outcry. 
The colonists insisted that they could not constitutionally be taxed 
by a Parliament in which they were not reprc seuted. James Otis, 
who had distinguished himself during the oppositon to the writs of 
assistance in Boston, resigning the office of advocate-general in 
order to defend the cause of the people; Samuel Adams, soon to be 
known as the most astute of the popular leaders in Massachusetts; 
Patrick Henry, the brilliant orator of Virginia, were conspicuous 
in the agitation. Franklin for Pennsylvania, Jackson for Massa- 
chusetts, IngersoU for Connecticut, were commissioned to argue 
against the scheme in England. The provincial assemblies drew up 
protests. Colonel Barre, who had served in America ; spoke against 
the bill in Pailiament. Nevertheless, the stamp act passed in 
March, 1765- 

The news was received in America with a burst of indignation. 
Virginia passed a declaration that the General Assembly had ex- 
clusive right to iax the inhabitants, and in debating the resolution 
Patrick lienry uttered his most famous saying: "Ciesar," he cried, 
"had his Brutus, Charles his Cromv\ ell, aud'Georgc the Third" — 
"Treason, treason!" exclaimed some of the members— " George the 
Third may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the 
most of it." Massachusetts instructed the courts to conduct their 
business without stamps. The distributing agents were forced to 
resign their offices. "Sons of Liberty " were organized to resist 
the act. The houses of officials and friends of the crown were 
mobbed and gutied. On the day appointed for the act to be put in 
force, flags were hung at half mast, IxMls were to, led, business was 
suspended, not a stamp was to be seen. In the meantime, at the 
request of Massachusettn, delegcites from nine colonies met in 
Congress at New York (October, 1765), and drew up a petition to 
the King, a memorial to Parliament, and a declaration of rights. 
They insisted that the colonies coukl not be taxed except by their 
own Legislatures; and the several Assemblies at their next sessions 
cordially approved their proceedings. A committee of corres- 
pondence, formed by a popular movement in New York, success- 
fully urged an agreement among the colonies to import no more 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XXVII 

goods from Great Britain until the stamp act was repealed. The 
"'Daughters ol Liberty " fostered the patriotic determination by 
spinning yarn for the domestic looms. 

Against the resolution of the colonists, the dissatisfaction of 
embarrassed British merchants, and the eloquent denunciation of 
Pitt, \vho declared that the Americans would have been slaves if 
they had not resisted, the stamp act could not be maintained. It 
was repealed by the Rockingham ministry March 18, 1766. Bu> 
scarcely had the rejoicings over this event died away when a new 
scheme of taxation was pat forth by Charles Townshend, chancello 
of the exchequer, imposing duties on tea, paper, glass, etc. (June 
1767) . The effect was to unite the colonics more firmly than ever in tlie 
principle that "taxation without representation is tyranny," The 
Geueral Court of Massichurictts issued a circular letter inviting the 
Assemblies to consult for the defense of their rights. The non-im- 
portation agreement was renewed. An attempt to seize a sloop 
belonging to John Hancock, a rich and popular merchant of Boston, 
for violation of the revenue laws, led to a riot. The Assembly of 
New York, having refused to furnish quarters for royal troops, was 
dissolved. A still more popular Assembly, elected in its place, also 
refused, and was dissolved. The General Court of Massachusetts 
was commanded to rescind the circular leitcr; it refused, and was 
dissolved. The burgesses of Virginia were dissolved for protesting 
against the treatment of New York. The Assemblies of Maryland 
and Georgia were dissolved for approvimr the course of Massachu- 
setts and Virginia. Parliament approved the action of the royal 
governors, and recommended them to send all treasonable per- 
sons to England to be tried there for their ot^'ences. 

Two regiments were sent to Boston. The town flatly refused 
to give them quarters, and their commander. General Gage, was 
compelled to provide for them from his own resources. Their pres- 
ence was a constant source of irritation. A serious collision atlast 
occurred between a picket guard and a mob. in which five citizens 
were killed and several wounded (March 5, 1770). In the excited 
state of the public temper, "the Boston massacre " was greatly 
magnified. A committee of the people, headed by Samuel Adams, 
waited upon Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson and forced him to 
order the removal of all the troops from the town. Captain Preston 
and the soldiers of the guard were tried for murdei". Defended by 
John Adams and Josiah Q,uincy, two of the most ardent of the 
popular leaders, they were all acquitted except two privates, who 
were found guilty of manslaughter, and branded in the hand. 

Townshend's scheme of taxation had failed as completely as 
Greuville's stamp act. Its repeal, proposed by the ministry of 
Lord North, was an obvious political and economical neces- 
sity. But to satisfy King George IIL, who insisted that" there 
should always be one tax at least, to keep up the right of tax- 
ing,'" the duty on tea was retained. The new measure, presented 
to Parliament on the day of the Boston massacre, only increased , 
the popular agitation in America. The people pledged themselvea 
to use no tea while the tax remained, and to let none be landed. 
When news came that three tea ships were on the way to Boston, a 
mass meeting in that town resolved, on motion of Samuel Adams, 
that the ships should be sent back. The governor insisted that the 
cargo should belauded. On the night of December 18, 1773, a band 
of lif ty or sixty men dii«guised as Indians boarded the ships and threw 
the tea into the harl)or. Other ships, bound for New York and 
Philadelphia, were turned back without discharging. The resent- 
ment of the ministry at these proceedings fell upon Boston, which 
was, not unjustly, regarded as the hotbed of insurrection. By the 
Boston port bill the shipping business of that commercial city was 



XXVIII NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 

entirely interdicted. The capital was removed to Salem. The act 
for quartering soldiers on the inhabitants was renewed, yeveu 
regiments were stationed in the colony, and General Gage, besides 
holding the military command, was appointed governor. A new 
form of government was devised, containing scarcely a vestige of 
popular authority. 

If English statesmen had paid proper attention to American 
affairs they must have learned, from the indignation with which 
these measures were received throughout the colonies, and the 
language of the public protests, that the controversy had already 
passed beyond the character of a quarrel about taxes, and was fast 
becoming a demand for popular rights all along the line. Commit- 
tees of correspondence, formed at the suggestion of Patrick Henry, 
Thomas Jefferson, Richard Henry Lee, and others, enabled the 
colonies to concert measures of common interest, and in the spring 
of 1774 proposals were made by several of the Assemblies for a 
general Congress. On the 5th of September of that year the first, 
or "Old " Continental Congress met in Philadelphia under the pres- 
idency of Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, with representatives from 
all the colonies except Georgia. It was a dignified, sagacious, and 
patriotic body, including among its members Washington, Patrick 
Henry, and R. H. Lee, of Virginia, Samuel and John Adams, of 
Massachusetts, John Jay, Philip Livingston, and James Duane, of 
New York, Roger Sherman, of Connecticut, Edward and John Rut- 
ledge and Christopher Gadsden, of South Carolina, William 
Livmgston, of New Jersey, Galloway, of Pennsylvania, Chase, of 
Maryland. A far-reaching declaration of rights, a protest against 
eleven specific acts of Parliament passed since the accession of 
George III., a petition to the King, and addresses to the people of 
Great Britain, Canada, and the colonies, were framed, and an 
"American Association '' was established, whose members pledged 
themselves not to trade with Great Britain, Ireland, the British West 
Indies, or any American province which should refuse to come into 
the Association, and not to use any British goods. 

In Massachusetts events moved fast towards revolution. Gen- 
eral Gage called a House of Representatives, under the new scheme 
of government, to meet at Salem, but, alarmed at the public temper, 
he countermanded the summons. Disregarding this second procla- 
mation, the members came together, resolved themselves into a 
Provincial Congrtss, removed to Concord, and organized by 
choosing John Hancock as president. No Legislature ever met 
again in Massachusetts under royal authority. Almost unnoticed, 
the sovereignty had passed to the people. Having assumed full 
legislative power, the Massachusetts Congress provided for execu- 
tive functions, also, by creating a committee of safety, with John 
Hancock at its head, and authorizing it to call out the militia. 
•'Minute men" were enrolled, pledged to turn out at call; arms 
and ammunition were collected— the royal stores being sometimes 
fcized— and public speakers began to defend the right of rebellin<j 
against oppression. General G.ige fortified himself in Boston, ana 
called for 20,000 more troops. 



CHAPTER XI. 

BEGINNING OF THE AVAR. 

On the 19th of April, 1775. General Gage sent 800 soldiers to destroy 
some arms and amninnition which the patriots had stored at 
Concord, sixteen miles from Boston. The expedition was to move 
secretly by a night march, but timely warning was given of its 



HISTORY OF THE UmTED STATES. XXIX 

departure, the minute men were roused, and when the troops / 
reached Lexington, at dawn of the 19th, they found sixty or seventy 
Americans drawn up in arms. The little force was easily dis- 
persed, after eii^ht of the company had been killed and several 
wounded; but, insignificant as it seemed, the "battle of Lexing- 
ton" had mighty consequences. The British continued their 
march to Concord, where they found little to destroy, and were 
met, moreover, so resolutely by a hastily collected body of 400 
minute men that they quickly began a retreat. The whole country 
was now in arms. The Americans hung upon the libe of march, 
firing from behind trees and fences, and doing such execution that 
the retreat became a rout, and when the troops were at last rescued 
by the arrival of reinforcements, they had lost 273 men. 

The effect of the battles of Lexington and Concord was electric. 
For the first time a c nsiderable party in the colonies began to talk 
of u 6ei)aration from Great Britain; the people of Mecklenburg 
county, North Carolina, even adopted a formal declaration of inde- 
l)endeDce (May 31, 1775), but this too hasty movement was not 
generally sustained. Almost everywhere authority passed from the 
royal governors to popular assemblies, congresses, or committees 
of safety. Troops were raised by the several colonies, Massachusetts 
alone voting 13,000, and before the end of April the Americans 
had 20,000 men in camp before Boston. The second Continental 
Congress, meeting at Philadelphia in May, disclaimed the desire for 
independence, but made provision for war, issued bills of credit, 
and practically assumed all the functions of government. On the 
10th of May, a party of Vermont volunteers, known as Green 
Mountain Boye, surprised and captured Fort Ticonderoga. To the 
inquiry of the astonished British commander, in whose name they 
demanded his surrender, their leader, Ethan Allen, replied, "In the 
name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." Seth 
Warner, with another Vermont party, captured Crown Point; and 
by these two exploits the patriots secured over 200 cannon and a 
large supply of powder. 

There was neither discipline nor organization in the camp before 
Bopton. Gen. Artemas Ward, of Massachusetts, held the precedence 
among several more or less independent commanders, but he had 
little real authority. It was under orders from the Massachusetts 
committee of safety that Colonel Prescott marched secretly from 
Cambridge after dark on J une 16, to fortify Charlestown Heights over- 
looking the city and harbor of Boston. He was instructed to 
throw up intrenchments on Bunker Hill; he decided, after reaching 
the ground, that the safer course would be to construct his defences 
on Breed's Hill, an eminence a little nearer Boston. The Ameri- 
cans worked all night without discovery, and continued their labors 
until nearly noon of the 17th, while the British were preparing an 
assault. By that time they had completed a redoubt and a breast- 
work. Prescott was in command. Dr. Joseph Warren, president 
of the Massachusetts Congress, recently appointed a major-general, 
served with him as a volunteer. Israel Putnam, of Connecticut, a 
veteran of the French and Indian war, was likewise on the field. 
The British attacking party, 3,000 strong, crossed the Charles river 
and advanced up the hill under a covering fire from their ships and 
batteries. Twice the picked regulars recoiled and fled before the 
American militia, who reserved their steady and well-aimed fire 
until the enemy were close to the works. Reinforced for a third 
atterppt, and gallantly led by Generals Howe, Pigot, and Clinton, 
the Biiiish carried the intrenchments at last only when the powder 
of the Americans was entirely exhausted. Prescott conducted au 
orderly retreat across Charlestown Neck, with the loss of the brave 
and ardent Warren. The number of killed, wounded, and prisoners 



XXX NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 

on the American side was 449; the total number engaged at any 
one time was about 1 ,500, but more than that were in action at some 
part of the day. The British force was probably between three and 
four thousand, and they lost 1,054. The battle of Bunker Hill, as it 
has alM'ays been culled, was a British victory; but it was so little sat- 
isfactory to the ministry that Gage was lecalled ami replaced by 
Ho.\ve, while the provincials derived from it increased confidence in 
their ability to meet regular troops. 

The Congress at Philudelphia in the meanwhile had adopted 
the motley but brave array before Boston as a Continental army, 
and appointed George Washington commander-in-chief. When the 
general reached Cambridge, two weeks after the battle of Bunker 
Hill, he found about 14,000 men in the ranks, and even this small 
force was largely composed of short-time volunteers, who had 
turned out for an emergency, with no idea of regular service. It was 
necessary during the next few months not only to create the organ- 
ization of an army, but in a great measure to renew its material. 
But while the commander-in-chief was performing this delicate 
work in the face of the enemy, operations elsewhere were not neg- 
lected. Gen. Richard Montgomery, invading Canada by way of 
Lake Champlain, captured Montreal November 12, 1775, and marched 
upon Quebec, where Benedict Arnold joined him with a small force 
which he had led through the Maine wilderness. The assault, de- 
livered in a blinding snowstorm on the 31st of December, was a fail- 
ure. Montgomery was killed, Arnold was badly wouuded, and the 
Americans lost nearly a third of their expedition. In Virginia, the 
royal governor, Dunmore, driven out of the capital, collected ships, 
burned Norfolk (January, 1776), and ravaged the coasts. British 
vessels of war attacked various seaport towns, but the colonists 
likewise fitted out cruisers, and captured supply ships, with powder 
and other stores of which they were in great need. A combined 
land and naval attack upon Charleston, S. C. by General Clinton and 
Admiral Sir Peter Parker, was beaten off with heavy loss by a small 
body of men under Colonel Moultrie (June 28th, 1776). 

Washington had no sooner brought his army into tolerable condi- 
tion than he put in execution a bold plan which would force Howe 
either to evacuate Boston or give battle; and for the latter alterna- 
tive he was amply prepared. On the night of March 4-5, 1776, the 
Americans fortified Dorchester Heights as silently as the year be- 
fore they had fortified Breed's Hill, and in the morning Boston was 
at ttieir mercy. Howe decided to risk an assault; but a storm de- 
layed him; his ofhcers lost heart; and on the 17th he embarked his 
whole army for Halifax, leaving valuable stores to the victors. 
Washington well knew that the intention of the British was to seize 
New York; and while the whole country was rejoicing over the 
recovery of Boston, he hurried his troops to the Hudson, and 
pushed on the fortifications begun some time before in anticipation 
of this movement. 

CHAPTER XII. 

THE DECLARATION OP INDEPENDENCE. 

The conflict of arms was not long in commending to the people 
the idea of independence. Instructions which virtually implied 
separation were given to their delegates in Congress, by Massachu- 
setts in January, 1776, by South Carolina in March, by Georgia in 
April, and on the 12th of April North Carolina explicitly 
directed her representatives to vote for independence. In May, 
Congress resolved that all authority under the crown ought to be 
suppressed, and all the powers of government exerted under 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XXXI 

authority of the people. Massachusetts, at an election May 30th, 
voted unanimously to instruct her delegates for independence. 

On the 7ih of June, Richard Henry Lee, in obedience to instruc- 
tions from the convention of Virginia, moved in Congress "that 
the United Colonies are, and ought to be, free aud independent 
States." The resolution was debated in secret, John Adams warmly 
supporting it, and v/as then postponed to give time lor consulta- 
tion with the people. In the meanwhile, however, Thonias Jeffer- 
son, John Adams, Benjamin Frauklin, Ko'^er Sherman, and Eobert 
R. Livingston were appointed a committee to prepare a fonual dec- 
laration. The deferred resolution Avas called up on the 1st of July and 
discussed in committee of the whole, John Adams again making 
an Impassioned speech for it. It passed the committee by a vole or 
nine colonies to lour, South Carolina being against it, Delawareand 
Pennsylvania divided, and New York awaiting the action of a 
popular convention which had been called but had not yet assem- 
bled. When the final vote was taken in the House July 2, all 
opposition had disappeared. Twelve colonies resolved " that these 
United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British 
crown, and that all political connection between them and the 
etate of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." The 
unanimous assent of the New York convention was given in due 
course. The discussions of the Congress were held in private. 
Crowds waited anxiously in the streets until the result of the 
deliberations was announced by the joyful pealing of the State- 
house bell, which, by a strange coincidence, bore the following text 
inscribed upon the metal : " Proclaim liberty throughout the land 
unto all the inhabitants thereof." 

The Declaration of Indei)endence, written by Jefferson, was 
agreed to on the evening of the 4th of July, and th^s date has con- 
sequently been taken as the American anniversary. John Hancock, 
president of the Congress, was the only member who signed tlie 
document on the 4th, the others waiting until it had been engrossed. 
But the declaration was immediately published, and everywhere 
dissension seemed to be smothered in popular rejoicings. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

FROM THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE TO THE ALLIANCE 
WITU FRANCE. 

The military situation at the time of the declaration was dis- 
couraging. The force with which Washington occupied New York 
did uot exceed 8,000 men; and on the day of the passing of the 
resolution of iudependence the first part of a large armament des- 
tined by the ministry for the subjugation of America landed on 
Staten Island. To supplement the regular English troops, 17,000 
mercenaries had been hired in the petty states of Germany, most 
of them from the Prince of Hesse Cassel. General Sir WMlliam 
Howe was appointed to the chief command of the armies, and there 
was a large fleet under his brother, Admiral Lord Howe. The 
Howes were empowered to promise a redress of grievances and a 
pardon to all who would return to their allegiance; but the people 
were in no mood to listen to any proposals short of independence. 

Tlie British plan of campaign was to seize the line of the Hudson 
river, by an advance simultaneously from New York and from 
Lake Champlain. Without ships and with a vastly inferior army, 
Washington was unable to prevent their landing at Gravesend Bay, 
on Long Island ; nor did the battle of Long Island, August 37,1776 , m 



XXXII NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 

which the Americans fought well and suffered severly, greatly retard 
their advance. Brooklyn and New York were now at Howe's 
mercy; bnt the American commander, cro.<sint; the Eaet river under 
cover of night and fog, drew off his men and stores, falling back 
successively to the heights of Harlem and of Fordham, baffling 
attempts to get in his rear, fighting an indecinive battle at White 
Plains, October 28, where he deceived his enemy with imitation re- 
d'oubts of corn-stalks, and finally taking possession of the passes of 
the Highlands, where the Hudson flows through the gate of the 
mountains. The British occupation of New Yoi-k, which lasted till 
the end of the war, gave a rallying place for the loyalists, always 
strong in that town, and fostered the discontent and distrust among 
the half-hearted. The American troops also rapidly fell away by 
desertion and discharge. Washington, however, had shown consum- 
mate ability as a strategist, and the highest kind of force, steadfast- 
ness and courage, as a leader. Howe's scheme for isolating New 
England by the seizure of the Hudson was defeated. Not only did 
Washington bar the way at the Highlands, but the expedition dis- 
patched from Canada under Carleton failed on Lake Champlain. 
In a naval engagement on the lake Benedict Arnold, indeed, was 
beaten and half his flotilla destroyed (Oct. 11); but the Americans 
maintaiued themselves at Fort Ticonderoga, where Carleton did not 
venture to attack them. 

Alter capturing Fort W^ashington, at the upper end of Manhattan 
Island, Howe sent a strong corps under Lord Cornwallis across the 
Hudson into New Jersey. Falling back before this threatening 
movement, and adroitly maneuvering the remnant of his army so as 
to cover Philadelphia, Washington traversed the State in hot haste, 
and at Trenton crossed the Delaware into Pennsylvania. The two 
armies went into winter quarters on opposite sides of the river. On 
the 2tjth of December, having suddenly recrossed in the midst of a 
snowstorm, Washington surprised a Hesriau detachment at Tren- 
ton, capturing a thousand prisoners. W hen the main body of the 
enemy under Cornwallis came upon him, he marched around them 
in the night, and routed their reserves at Princeton (January 3, 1777); 
and alfliough obliged afterwards to fall back towards Morristown, 
he was able by harassing operations, in the course of the winter, to 
expel the British from nearly all their posts in the Jerseys, and to 
revive the depressed spirits of the people. Congress, which had 
fled to Baltimore, returned to Philadelphia, and the most active 
measures were taken to raise the strength and improve the organ- 
ization of the American army. 

The next campaign, however, in the Middle States was a series 
of disasters. Howe gained possession of Philadelphia after defeat- 
ing the Americans at Brandy wine creek (September 11, 1777), Con- 
gress removing to York, Penn. ; he repulsed an attack at German- 
town, October 4; and later he reduced Forts Mercer and Mifflin, on 
the Delaware, thus securing free communication with the sea. 
Washington went into quarters at Valley Forge, on the Schuylkill, 
about twenty miles above Philadelphia, where he was well placed 
for observation; but during "the dark winter," as it was after- 
wards called, his men sutiered terribly for the want of food and 
clothing, and the patriotism of the country sometimes appeared to 
be nearly exhausted. It was the most critical period of the war. 

Neverthi-less, there were substantial causes of encouragement. 
Franklin, isilas Deane, and Arthur Lee, sent to ask assistance from 
Louis XVI., were kindly though unofficially received at the French 
court, and through indirect channels obtained large supplies from 
the royal arsenals, and what was of vital importance, considerable 
sums of money. They were permitted, also, to fit out privateers and 
vessels of war in French ports, with which enterprising American 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XXXni 

Fearaen inflicted great damage upon British commerce. Commis- 
sions were issued to foreign officers willing to enter the American 
army ; and among those who gave their abilities to the cause were 
several of distinguished merit -the generous and high-minded La 
Fayette, who became one of Washington's warmest friends and dis- 
ciples; the Polish patriots Pulaski and Kosciuszko; De Kalb, an 
Alsatian in the French service, and the Prussian Baron Steuben, 
whose work in drilling and organizing troops proved of the highest 
value. 

Nor was the military outlook so black as it seemed on the cap- 
ture of Philadelphia. The British government had made extraor- 
dinary preparations for a fresh attempt upon the line of the Hudson 
river. While Sir Henry Clinton marched Irom New York to force the 
passage of the Highlands, a thoroughly equipped army of 8,000 men 
under General Burgoyne was to move from Canada by Lake Cham- 
plain. The Americans had but few troops in Northern New York, and 
the invaders met with little resistance until they reached Fort Ed- 
ward, on the Upper Hudson. There General Schuyler had collected 
about 4,500 men, with whom he obstructed and delayed the advance, 
gathering reiulorcements as he slowly fell back to Stillwater, and 

f jiving time for the militia to gather along the lengthening British 
ine. Two flank expeditions, unwisely ordered by Burgoyne, ended 
in disaster. Colonel St. Leger, who was to have swept the valley of 
the Mohawk and joined Burgoyne at Albany, was defeated at Fort 
Schuyler (Koine), and returned in disorder to Canada. An English 
and Hessian force, detached for an attack upon Bennington, Ver- 
mont, was signally beaten by the New Hampshire militia under 
Stark (Aug. lb). Crippled by his losses, unable either to go for- 
ward or to retreat, Burgoyne halted at Saratoga, and fortified a 
camp. He attacked the Americans under Gates (who had superseded 
Schuyler) at Bemis Heights, September V.), without decisive result. 
He was attacked in turn by Gates at Saratoga, October 7, when the 
Americans gained a decided advantaire of position. Burgoyne's 
only hope now was in Clinton. That general did, indeed, capture 
Forts Clinton and Montgomery in the Highlands, October 6, but his 
help came too late. On the 17th of October, Burgoyne surrendered 
with 5,800 men and 27 pieces of artillery. Clinton retunied in haste 
to New York, 

The capture of an entire British army of picked troops by a mis- 
cellaneous force of half-destitute provincials and militia was well 
calculated to dismay the ministry and reanimate the patriots; but 
its most important efiiect was in determining France to acknowledge 
the independence of the United States and make open cause with 
them. Treaties of alliance and of commerce and friendship were 
signed with the American commissioners in Paris, February 6, 1778. 
England at once declared war against France, and a French fleet 
under Count d'Estaing sailed promptly for America. 



CHAPTEK XIV. 

PROM THE ALLIANCE WITH PRANCE TO THE END OP THE WAR. 

In anticipation of the arrival of the French ships, the British 
hastened to evacuate Philadelphia and transfer themselves to New 
York. Washington pursued, and coming up with them at Mon- 
mouth Court House, N. J., June 28, 1778, fought a severe battle, in 
which the disasters of the early part of the day were repaired by 
his personal exertions. Under cover of the night, Clinton (who had 
superseded General Howe) stole away to the protection of the ships, 
losing nearly 2,000 men on the field and in the retreat. The French 
c 



XXXII NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 

which the Americans fought well and suffered severlj^, greatly retard 
their advance. Brooklyn and l^ew York were now at Howe's 
mercy; but the American commander, cros^sing the East river under 
cover of night and fog, drew off his men and stores, falling back 
successively to the heights of Harlem and of Fordbam, baffling 
attempts to get in his rear, fighting an indecisive battle at White 
Plains, October 28, where he deceived his enemy with imitation re- 
doubts of corn-etalks, and finally taking possession of the passes of 
the Highlands, where the Hudson flows through the gate of the 
mountains. The British occupation of New York, which lasted till 
the end of the war, gave a rallying place for the loj-alists, always 
strong in that town, and fostered the discontent and distrust amoog 
the half-hearted. The American troops also rapidly fell away by 
desertion and discharge. Washington, however, had shown consum- 
mate ability as a strategist, and tbe highest kind of force, steadfast- 
ness and courage, as a leader. Howe's scheme for isolating New 
England by the seizure of the Hudson was defeated. Not only did 
Washington bar the way at the Highlands, but the expedition dis- 
patched from Canada under Carleton failed on Lake Champlain. 
In a naval engagement on the lake Benedict Arnold, indeed, was 
beaten and half his flotilla destroyed (Oct. 11); but the Americans 
maintained themselves at Fort Ticonderoga, where Carleton did not 
venture to attack them. 

Alter capturing Fort Washington, at the upper end of Manhattan 
Island, Howe sent a strong corps under Lord Cornwallis across the 
Hudson into New Jersey. Falling back before this threatening 
movement, and adroitly maneuvering the remnant of his army so as 
to cover Philadelphia, 'Washington traversed the State in hot haste, 
and at Trenton cross(.d the DSaware into Pennsylvania. The two 
armies went into winter quarters on opposite sides of the river. On 
the 2bth of December, having suddenly recrossed in the midst of a 
snowstorm, Washington surprised a Bes^ian detachment at Tren- 
ton, capturing a thousand prisoners. "When the main body of the 
enemy under Cornwallis came upon him, he marched around them 
in the night, and routed their reserves at Princeton (January 3, 1777); 
and alfliongh obliged afterwards to fall back towards Morristown, 
he was able by harassing operations, in the course of the winter, to 
expel the British from nearly all their posts in the Jerseys, and to 
revive the depressed spirits of tbe people. Congress, which had 
fli'd to Baltimore, returned to Philadelphia, and the mo&t active 
measures were taken to raise the strength and improve the organ- 
ization of the American army. 

The next campaign, however, in the Middle States was a series 
of disasters. Howe gained possession of Philadelphia after defeat- 
ing the Americans at Brandy wine creek (September 11, 1777), Con- 
gress removing to York, Penn. ; he repulsed an attack at German- 
town, October 4; and later he reduced Forts Mercer and Mifllin, on 
the Delaware, thus securing free communication with the sea. 
Washington went into quarters at Valley Forge, on the Schuylkill, 
about twenty miles above Philadelphia, where he was well placed 
for observation; but during "the dark winter," as it was after- 
wards called, his men sullered terribly for the want of food and 
ck)thing, and the patriotism of the country sometimes appeared to 
be nearly exhausted. It was the most critical period of the war. 

Neverthuless, there were substantia] causes of encouragement, 
Franklin, fcilas Deane, and Arthur Lee, sent to ask assistance from 
Louis XVI., were kindly though unofficially received at the French 
court, and through indirect channels obtained large supplies from 
the royal arsenals, and what was of vital importance, considerable 
sums of money. They were permitted, also, to fit out privateers and 
vessels of war iu French ports, with which enterprising Ainerican 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XXXHI 

peamen inflicted great damage upon Britieh commerce. Commis- 
sions were issued to foreign officers willing to enter the American 
army ; and among those who gave their abilities to the cause were 
several of dieiinguifihed merit -the generous and high-minded La 
Fayette, who became one of Washington's warmest f liends and dis- 
ciples; the Polish patriots Pulaski and Kosciuszko; De Kalb, an 
Alsatian in the French service, and the Prussian Baron Steuben, 
whose work in drilling and organizing troops proved of the highest 
value. 

Nor was the military outlook so black as it seemed on the cap- 
ture of Philadelphia. The British government had made extraor- 
dinary preparations for a fresh attempt upon the line of the Hudson 
river. While Sir Henry Clinton marched irom New York to force the 
passage of the Highlands, a thoroughly equipped army of 8,000 men 
under General Burgoyne was to move from Canada by Lake Cham- 
plain. The Americans had but few troops in Northern New York, and 
the invaders met with little resistauce until they reached Fort Ed- 
ward, on the Upper Hudson. There General Schuyler had collected 
about 4,500 men, with whom he obstructed and delayed the advance, 
gathering reinforcements as he slowly fell back to Stillwater, and 

fjiving time for the militia to gather along the lengthening British 
ine. Two flank expeditions, unwisely ordered by Burgoyne, ended 
in disaster. Colonel St. Leger, who was to have swept the valley of 
the Mohawk and joined Burgoyne at Albany, was defeated at Fort 
Schuyler (Koine), and returned in disorder to Canada. Au English 
and Hessian force, detached for an attack upon Bennington, Ver- 
mont, was signally beaten by the New Hampshire militia under 
Stark (Aug. 16). Crippled by his losses, unable either to go for- 
ward or to retreat, BurgDyne halted at Saratoga, and fortified a 
camp. He attacked the Americans under Gates (who had superseded 
Schuyler) at Bemis Heigbts, Septeuiber 19, without decisive result. 
He was attacked in turn by Gates at Saratoga, October 7, when the 
Americans gained a decided advantatre of position. Burgoyne's 
only hope now was in Clinton. That general did, indeed, capture 
I'orts Clinton and Montgomery in the Highlands, October 6, but his 
help came too late. On the 17th of October, Burgoyne surrendered 
with 5,800 men and 27 pieces of artillery. Clinton returned in haste 
to New York. 

The capture of an entire British army of picked troops by a mis- 
cellaneous force of half-destitute provincials and militia was well 
calculated to dismay the ministry and reanimate the patriots; but 
its most important effect was in determining France to acknowledge 
the independence of the United Si ates and make open cause with 
them. Treaties of alliance and of commerce and friendship were 
signed with the American commissioners in Paris, February 6, 1778. 
England at once declared war against France, and a French fleet 
under Count d'Estaing sailed promptly for America. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

PROM THE ALLIANCK WITH FRANCE TO THE END OF THE WAR. 

In anticipation of the arrival of the French ships, the British 
hastened to evacuate Philadelphia and transfer themselves to New 
York. Washington pursued, and coming up with them at Mon- 
mouth Court House, N. J., June 28, 1778, fought a severe battle, in 
which the disasters of the early part of the day were repaired by 
his personal exertions. Under cover of the night, Clinton (who had 
Buperseded General Howe) stole away to the protection of the ships, 
losing nearly 2,000 men on the field and in the retreat. The French 
c 



XXXIV NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 

auxiliaries, howeyer, did mucli lees than was expected of thciu. An 
attack upon New York proved impracticable, and a combined land 
and naval expedition against Newport was defeated by a storm; 
after which D'Eataing sailed for the West Indies. The policy of 
arming the savages against the insurgent patriots, steadily urged by 
the King, had its natural result in the terrible massacre of Wyo- 
ming (near Wilkesbarre, Penn.), where a settlement of Connecticut 
'emigrants was captured (July 3, 1778) by a force of Tories and In- 
dians under Col. John Butler, and 4u0 persons were murdered by 
the red men after the surrender. In Northern New York, where 
the Mohawk chief, Joseph Brant, held his tomahawk always at the 
British service; in various parts of the South; and in the West, 
where Indian raids were insiigated by the British commanders of 
frontier posts, the settlers were kept in constant alarm; and some- 
times they were moved to severe retaliation. Sullivan conducted 
an energetic campaign against the bix Nations and Tories of New 
York (1779), and the daring pioneer, Maj. George Rogers Clark, 
surprised the British at Kaskaiskia, Detroit, and other places in the 
We»t. But the alliance between the King and the savage did its 
bloody work till the end of the war. 

Ravaging expeditious of the British against exposed towns on 
the coast were more than countervailed by such imposing exploits 
as the surprise and capture of Stony Point, below the Highlands, 
by General Wayne (called Mad Anthony) July 16, 1779, or Maj. 
Henry Lee's descent upon Paulus Hook (Jersiy City); and espe- 
cially by the successes of the American armed ships, public and 
private, in foreign waters, over five hundred British merchantmen 
having been made prizes. The most famous of the American 
commanders was John Paul Jones, who sailed from France with a 
small squadron, fitted out by the help of Dr. Franklin, and off 
Flamborough Head, on the coast of Yorkshire, fought a battle (Sep- 
tember 23, 1779) which has a conspicuous place in ail naval histories. 
With his flagship, the Bon Homme Richard, so named in compli- 
ment to ttie "Poor Richard" of FrankUn's almanac, he engaged a 
much finer and heavier ship, the Serapis, at close quarters, for 
three hours, and received her smTcnder when his own vessel was 
on the point of sinking. 

The discovery of the treason of Gen. Benedict Arnold came 
upon the country at a time when the military fortunes of the 
Northern department were so low that Washington doubted his 
power to hold his suffering and mutinous troops together for 
another campaign. Arnold had bargained with Sir Henry Clinton 
to betray West Point into the hands of the British. The post was 
the key to the Highlands, and its loss might have been a fatal dis- 
aster. To complete the details of the plot. Major Andre, an accom- 
plished young otncer of Clinton's staff", landed from the man-of-war 
Vulture, and held an interview with Arnold at Haverstraw, on 
the Hudson, between the English and American lines. Unable to 
return to the ship, Andrd crossed the river, spent the night within 
the American lines, and the next day attempted to reach New York 
by land in disguise, a course which, by the laws of war, placed him 
in the position of a spy. He was captured near Tarrytown, with 
papers on his person which revealed the whole plot, and was 
hanged, by sentence of a court martial, October 2. Arnold escaped 
to the Vulture, and was rewarded for his perfidy with £6,300 and 
a commission as brigadier-general. 

W^ashington, who^^e headquarters were at Morristown, had been 
unable, siuce the summer of 1778, to do much more than maintain 
a watchful defensive. Clinton, on the other hand, disheartened by 
repeated failures at the North, resolved to strike at Georgia and the 
Carolinae, and for this purpose withdrevr his garrisons from 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XXXV 

Newport and the forts on the Hudson. Savannah web easily captured, 
December 2l», 1778. The whole State of Georgia submitted, and the 
Tories took arms. Grcneral Lincoln, who commanded the American 
forces in the South, saved Charleston from an attack by General 
Prevost; but he was defeated in an attempt to recapture Savannah 
(October, 1779), where the gallant Pulaski was mortally wounded. 
Count d'Estaing, who had returned to the American coast, took a 
spirited part in the siege and assault; but, more cautious than his 
allies, he sailed away while Lincoln was still belligerent and hope- 
ful, and thus, as at Newport, he put an end to the enterprise. In 
February, Clinton himself sailed for the South with a strong force. 
He took Charleston May 12, plundering the city and shippmg the 
■laves to the West Indies. When he returned to the North he left 
Cornwallis In command, and upon this officer must rest the 
chief responsibility for the barbarous and unusual methods by 
which the conflict in the Carolinas was conducted. Men were 
forcibly enrolled under the British flag ; even prisoners were 
driven into the ranks; private property was confiscated; murders 
on one side provoked executions on the other. The worst, but not 
the only, excesseSj were committed by the Tory irregulars. To 
meet them the patriots organized partisan bands, and the exploits 
of Snmter, Marion, Pickens, and others soon rang through the 
country. 

Against th« advice of Washington, Congress committed the 
Southern departrafut to Gates, and this mediocre and inflated 
general, who had filched the laurels of Schuyler at Saratoga and in- 
trigued for the plactj of W^ashington, put an end to his own career 
by a disgraceful defeat at the hands of Cornwallis, near Camden, 
S. C. (Aug. 16, 1780), the brave De Kalb falling mortally wounded in 
trying to stay the rout. Washington was now allowed his choice, and 
he sent to the South Nathanael Greene, the ablest and most trusted 
of his generals. In every campaign of the war Greene had dis- 
played signal qualities aa a commander— courage, firmness, judg- 
ment, ingenuity, and a true militaiy instinct; and latterly he had 
served with the greatest zeal and success as quartermaster-general 
of the army. He had some good subordidates at the South, espe- 
cially Morgan and "Light Horse Harry" Lee, and he was joined 
after a while by W^ayne; but his men were only the phantom of an 
army, nearly naked, untrained, and, in large part, of poor spirit. 
For several months the campaign in the Carolinas was a series of 
baffling marches, adroit retreats, skirmishes, and eurpriees, in which 
Greene showed himself a much better strategist than Cornwallis, 
and much more fertile in resources. Morgan gained a brilliant 
victory over Tarleton's light division at the Cowpens, in South 
Carolina, January 17, 1781; and Greene, having been reinforced, ven- 
tured ^o give battle to Cornwallis at Guilford Court House, N. C, 
March 15, when the pluck of the Continentals held the field after 
the flight of the North Carolina and Virginia militia. The advan- 
tage of the day was with the Americans, but they were too 
weak to follow it up; while Cornwallis retreated to Wilmington, 
persuaded that Clinton's plan of overrunning America from the 
Carolinas was a failure. 

It was impossible for Washington to give Greene much help. A 
dangerous revolt of the unpaid and dissatisfied soldiers of the 
Pennsylvania line had just been put down, but it resulted in the 
discharge of nearly all the Pennsylvania troops and the encourage- 
ment of a mutinous spirit in the rest of the army. Arnold, with a 
marauding expedition from New York, was committing havoc along 
the James river from the sea to Richmond. To this quarter Corn- 
wallis decided to transfer himself. With characteristic boldnesa, 
Greene l«ft Cornwallis to be cared for by others, and .hurried south- 



XXXVI NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 

ward where the British held a chain of posts extending through 
Central South Carolina and down the Une of the Savannah river. 
Fort after fort fell into his hands, generally after hard fighting ; and 
at Eutaw Springs, September 8, 1781, there waa a severe battle in 
which the losses and the honors were about equal, but the practical 
advantages were with Greene. By the end ot the year the British 
retained only Charleston and Savannah; and thus, in a single cam- 
paign, fought with a small and disaffected force in the midst ot a 
Tory population, Greene restored two States to the Union, and 
virtually put an end to the war in the South. 

But the blunder of Cornwallis in turning his back upon Greene 
had still larger consequences. >fter some unimportant demonstra- 
tions against La Fayette, who commanded in Virginia, the British 
general, by Clinton's orders, posted himeelf on the Yorktown 
peninsula between the James and York rivers, where it was believed 
that he would be favorably situated for further operations. But he 
was safe only while British ships could command Chesapeake Bay. 
A French fleet under Admiral de Grasse waa on the way from the 
West Indies to co-operate with Washington in an attack upon New 
York. Washington instantly saw his opportunity. DeGrassewas 
diverted to the Chesapeake, where he defeated a British squadron 
which arrived a few days later. La Fayette disposed his troops 
across the head of the peninsu'a; and Washington, joined by a 
strong French contingent under Count Rochambeau, which had 
been waiting idly at Newport since the previous summer, marched 
with all haste towards Yorktown. Clinton did not discover his 
destination until he had reached the Delaware and was beyond 
molestation ; and an attempt to arrest the movement by sending 
Arnold to Connecticut had no eflect. By the end of September the 
trap was closed. Cornwallis was completely invested at Yorktown. 
After two of his redoubts had been taken by assault, and he had 
failed in a desperate effort to cross the York river and break through 
the lines, he surrendered to Washington October 19, 1781, with 7,000 
men and 100 cannon, while the British ships in the river hauled 
down their flags to Admiral de Grasse. The allied armies at the 
■lege consisted of 5,500 Continentals, 8,500 militia, and 7,000 French. 
TThe war was over. All America rang with rejoicings ; and 
although George III. still obstinately refused to acknowledge the 
independence of the States, a resolution in favor of peace passed 
the House of Commons February 27, 1782; Lord North resigned; 
and under a new ministry, headed by the Marquis of Rockingham, 
a commissioner was appointed to negotiate a treaty in Paris. 
Rockingham died shortly afterwards, and it fell to his successor, 
Lord Shelburne, to complete the work. The American agents were 
Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, and Henry Laurens, most of 
the business being in the hands of Franklin, who crowned with this 
illustrious service his long and patriotic career at the French capital. 
A preliminary treaty, signed November 30, 1782, was ratified by 
Congress in March, and published in Washington's camp April 19, 
1783, the eiphth anniversary of the battle of Lexington. The defini- 
tive treaty was signed at Paris September 3, 1783; and on the 83d 
of December, Washington formally resigned his commission and 
retired to hlB home at Mount Yernon. 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XXXVH 



THE OLD UliriOE". 



CHAPTER XV. 

THE CONSTITUTION.— THE PRESIDENCT OP WABHINGTON, 1789-1797. 

Troubles crowded thick upon the new States, even before the final 
treaty was concluded, and not the least ol' them came from the dis- 
satistied soldiers. Unpaid, and often suffering, the men in Washing- 
ton's camp near NewOurg became rebellious under their wrongs. A 
proposal that the commander-in-chief should declare himself king ia 
remembered on account of Washington's indignant reply to it. A 
more dangerous project, set forth in an anonymous circular, for an 
organized demonstration against Congress, waa defeated by Wash- 
ington's tact and patriotism. The soldiers had ample cause of 
complaint; but in truth Congress had no money. Nearly $170,000,000 
had been spent during the war; the debt ot the United States was 
$42,000,000; that of the separate States was $20,000,000 more; 
and the Continental paper currency had become entirely worth- 
less. Trade and manufactures were crushed. Poverty was almost 
universal. Nor was it easy to find a remedy for the gen- 
eral distress. A common danger, to say nothing of nobler 
motives, kept a semblance of union among the States during the 
war; even so faint a form of govemnieut as the Articles of Confed- 
eration, reported to Congress July 12, 1776, was not adopted until 
1781, !>nd in the meantime the States administered affairs more or 
less effectively by an irregular general consent. But with the advent 
of peace the disorders became intolerable. Congress lost all consid- 
eration, and could hardly command a quorum. The States entered 
into ruinous commercial rivalry with one another. Abroad, the 
country was regarded with couterapt. At home there was no exec- 
utive authority to enforce the laws. A rebellion against the collec- 
tion of taxes, led by one Daniel Shays, in Massachusetts (1786), 
strengthened the growing popular conviction that it was necessarj 
to substitute for the Confederation a real government. 

A convention, authorized by Congress to revit?e the Articles of 
Confederation, met at Philadelphia in May, 1787, with Waehiugton 
as chairman. Its work, however, was not a revision of the existing 
league, but the construction of a new Constitution. At the very 
beginning two parties declared themselvesj with differences which 
have ever since influenced American politics. The so-culled Vir- 
ginia plan, introduced by Edmund Randolph and favored by the 
large States— Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia— as well as 
by the Carolinas and Georgia, represented in substance the national 
principle which was finally adopted, with a central Federal Govern- 
ment complete in all its departments. The New Jersey plan, pre- 
sented by William Paterson, and supported by the small States — 
Connecticut, New Jersey, and Delaware— with a majority of the 
delegates from New York, adhered jealously to the sorereign 
powers of the separate States, ana retained some of the most 
unfortunate characteristics of the existing Confederation. The 
Instrument at last agreed upon was a compromise, in which the three 
great concessions, yielded by one party or the other, were the 
equal representation of States in the Senate, the reckoning of three- 
fifths of the slaves in the apportionment of representation in the 
House, and the prohibition of Federal interference with the elave 
trade before 1808. 

The new Constitution required the assent of nine States, or two- 
Uurds; and it was carried only after a hard contest. Delaware was the 



XXXVIII NEW YOBK TRIBUNE'S 

first to ratify; PennsylvaniaandNew Jersey quickly followed; the as- 
sent of Massachusetts and Virginia was given after a close contest; the 
vote of New Hampshire, Juiie 21, 1788, completed the two-thirds ; 
New York, Rhode Island, and North Carolina held back until the 
Constitution had been adopted without them. Under a law of the 
Continental Congress, the Presidential electors were chosen on the 
first Wednesday of January, 1789; they cast their ballots on the 
first Wednesday of February; and the new government Avas to go 
into operation on the first Wednesday (the 4th) of March. New 
York was designated as the temporary capital. As to the Presi- 
dency, there was practically no difference of opinion in the country, 
and George Washington received all the electoral votes. John 
Adams was chosen Vice-President. The journey of Washington 
from Mount Vernon to New York was turned by spontaneous pop- 
ular demonstrations into a triumphal procession. The formal inaug- 
uration did not take place until the 80th of April, when the oath 
of office was administwed to the first American President on the 
balcony of the old Federal Hall, at the comer of Wall and Broad 
streets. This building, on the site of the present custom house, had 
been set apart for the use of Congress; but the next year the seat of 
government was again at Philadelphiao 

The first Cabinet consisted of only three oificers— Thomas 
Jefferson, Secretary of State ; Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of 
the Treasury; and Gen. Henry Knox, Secretary of War. In the 
organization of the government during the trying experimental 
years of Washington s administration, no man's services, after 
those of the sagacious and high-minded President, equaled Alex- 
ander Hamilton's. This brilliant young statesman, the chief 
inspiration of the rising Federalist party, whose principles he had 
signally defended in a series of papers on the Constitution, pub- 
lished while its ratification was in debate, was eminent alike as a 
political thinker, a party leader, and a practical administrator. He 
brought the chaotic finances of the country into order, instantly 
reviving the prostrate national credit; and "by causing the Federal 
Government to assume the Revolutionary war debts of the States, 
he strengthened th« sentiment of union and the respect for Federal 
authority. This important measure was not carried without bitter 
opposition, and its adoption was at last secured by a pledge to 
V irginia that the permanent capital, after 1800, should be on the 
Potomac. The funding of the debt led necessarily to the passing 
of a Federal excise law; and Hamilton's schemes were completed 
by the establishment of a national bank, which he justified on the 
theory, then new, of implied powers in the Constitution. He was 
thus not merely promoting a strong government, but he was foster- 
ing the idea of nationality at a time when that sentiment wan still 
weak, and the success or speedy failure of the Constitution de- 
pended largely upon its interpretation. The leader of the Anti- 
Federalists, or Republicans, as they soon began to be calhd, was 
Thomas Jefferson, a strict constructionist, who honestly dreaded 
Hamilton's designs, and detested him personally. 

Washington was unanimously re-elected for a second term, begin- 
ning March 4, 1793, and John Adams again became Vice-President. 
France at this moment was on the eve of the Reign of Terror. The 
King had been sent to the scaffold. The Queen, who had been the 
special friend of America during the war of independence, was to 
follow him a few months later. But Jefl'erson anti the Anti-Federal- 
ists sympathized with the French revolutionists too strongly to be 
much alJected by their excesses, and the strict neutrality which 
Washington insisted upon preserving when France and England 
declared war was resented with indecent violence. The grotesque 
demonstrations of the French faction reached their height when 



HISTORY OF THE U2iITED STATES. XXXIX 

Citizen Qenest arrived in America in April, 1793 as minister from 
the revolutionary government. Ttiis extravagant person wae guilty 
of diplomatic outrages from the moment of his landing; and when his 
attempts to embroil the United States in an offensive alliance with 
France failed, he made a gross attack upon Washington, and other- 
wise so misbehaved that the President demanded his recall. Tbe ran- 
cor of faction, inflamed by this affair, was aggravated by the insolence 
of the British, whose men-of-war, cruising against the French, com- 
mitted great injuries upon American commerce, seizing our grain 
ships bound for French ports, taking all French property from un- 
der the protection of our flag, searching our vessels lor sailorw sup- 
posed to be British subjects, and carrying off naturalized and even 
native Americans to serve in the British navy. Moreover, ten years 
after the peace of Paris, England still retained her hold upon some 
of the forts in the Northwest. A treaty negotiated in London by 
John Jay (1794) procured a partial redress of grievances, and averted 
the danger of war; but it left the claim of the right of search to be 
a cause of future trouble, and the treaty was not ratified without an 
angry contention. 

Kef using a third nomination, Washington retired to Mount 
Vernon in 1797, after publiphing a memorable farewell address 
which has been cherished as a political legacy. Still more impress- 
ive than the wise counsels of this document, was the example of a 
noble life, directed by the purest impulses, the calmest judgment, 
the finest and most unselfish seutimeut of justice. For eight years, 
at the head of his ragged Continentals, he withstood the armies of a 
great empire; and he conquered the independence of America, not 
merely by the exercise of a rare military talent, perhaps amounting 
to genius, but by teaching bis uneasy and spiritless countrymen to 
what heroic heights one may carry the virtues of patience, equa- 
nimity, perseverance, and unselfishness. In his civil administration, 
although he had to deal with many novel and difficult complications, 
he added fresh lustre to an already glorious name, and strengthened 
the popular respect and affection with which, in spite of occasional 
outbreaks of political scurrility, he had long been regarded. Fortu- 
nate, indeed, was it for America that during the critical formative 
period of the new government the guidance of affairs was committed 
to so sound a statesman and so pure a patriot. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

THE NEW AVEST.— PRESIDENCV OF JOHN ADAMS, 1797-J801. — OF 
TUOMAS JBJTFEBSON, 1801-1809. 

By the treaty of 1783 the Mississippi river was recognized as 
the western boundary of the United States, but most of the region 
beyond the Alleghany Mountains was still an untrodden wilder- 
ness. One of the last acts of the Congress under the Confederation 
was the adoption of an Ordinance for the Government of the North- 
west Territory, that district comprising the present States of 
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and a part of Minne- 
sota; and it was provided that slavery should never be tolerated in 
the Territory or any of the States to be formed out of it. There 
were a few small towns in Illinois; Cahokia and Kaskaskia had 
been founded by the French under La Salle nearly a century 
before., Vincennes, in Indiana, was a French settlement dating 
from about 1702. Detroit was begun by the French in 1701. The 
first permanent settlement m Ohio was Marietta, planted in 1788. 
Daniel Boone, the famous hunter and Indian fighter, penetrated 
into Kentucky as early as 1769, and founded Boonesborough in 



XL MEW YORK TBIBUNE'S 

1775. Nominally a part of Virginia, this remote country practically 
ruled iteelf, and at one time under Spanish influence it meditated 
the formation of an independent sovereignty. It was joined with 
Tennessee in 1790 to constitute the Territory South of the Ohio, 
and was admitted to the Union as a State in 179J. Tennessee, 
originally a part of North Carolina, set up the State of Franklaad 
in 1785, but that vapory commonwealth disappeared about 1788, 
and Tennessee was admitted to the Union in 1796. Alabama and 
lyiississippi, separated frum Georgia in 1798, became the Territory 
of Mississippi. Vermont, long in dispute between New York and 
New Hampshire, was admitted as a State in 1791. 

Upon the organization of the Northwest Territory, the move- 
ment of emigration across the mountains was greatly hastened. 
But the Indians in the valley of the Ohio became very trouble- 
some, and tbeir hostility was carefully kept alive by the British at 
the frontier posts. General Harmer, who was sent against the tribes 
in 1790, was defeated near the presen: site of Fort Wayne, Ind., 
and a more formidable expedition under General St. Clair the next 
year met with a more complete disaster. Wayne at last conquered 
a peace. He devastated the Indian country, and alter a great 
victory on the Maumee river (1794) he compelled the tribes to sue 
for terms. 

The third Presidential election resulted, after an angry contest, in 
the choice of the Federalist candidate, John Adams,while, under the 
constitution as it then stood, the Vice-Presidency went to his next 
rival, Thomas Jefferson. President Adams began his term March 
4 1797, retaining Washington's Cabinet, which then consisted of 
Timothy Pickering, Secretary of State, Oliver Wolcott, Secretary of 
the Treasury, and James McHenry, Secretary of War. He found 
our relations with France in a critical condition. The Directory, 
resenting our treaty with England and our refusal to make com- 
mon cause with the democratic propaganda, had laid intolerable 
exactions upon our commerce, and grossly affronted our gov- 
ernment. Gouverneur Morris, the American minister, had been 
recalled at the request of the French republic because he was too 
conservative. His successor, Monroe, had been recalled by Wash- 
ington because he was too extravagantly radical. C. C. Pinckney, 
sent to replace Monroe, was not received; and when President 
Adams appointed a commission (1797), consisting of Pinckney, 
Elbridge Gerry, and John Marshall, to negotiate for a better under- 
standing, Talleyrand demanded of them as a preliminary a loan for 
the government and a bribe for the Directory, threatening war in 
case of refusal. The publication of these infamous proposals 
created a profound sensation. Every preparation was made to set 
an army in the field. Washington accepted the chief command, and 
without any declaration of war the ships of the new navy then in 
com'se of organization were hurried to sea to check the depreda- 
tions ol the French cruisers. It was under thete circumstances 
that the historic frigates c;onstitution. Constellation, and United 
States began their famous careers, with Samuel Nicholson, Trux- 
ton, and Barry in command. All the squadrons made many 
'prizes. 

The Directory before long made snch offers of accommodation 
that Mr. Adams appointed a new commission; but when it reached 
France the Consulate had been established, and it was with Bona- 
parte as First Consul that the treaty was concluded in 1800. 

Distracted during the French troubles by faction quarrels be- 
tween the followers of Adams and Hamilton, the Federal party 
was, moreover, discredited in the country by the passing of the 
alien and sedition acts, the first of which empowered the Presi- 
dent, in his discretion, to banish any alien judged dangerous to the 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XLI 

peace and safety of the United States; while the second imposed 
restrictions upon freedom of speech and the press which, if the law 
had ever been strictly enforced, would have armed the government 
with despotic power over its political opponents. At the elections 
of 1800 the Federalists were overthrown, not eo signally, however, 
but that Adams had 65 electoral votes against 73 cast for each of 
the Republican candidates, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, 
The choice going to the House of Representatives, Jeflerson be- 
came Preeident from the 4th of March, 1801, with Burr for Vice- 
President. 

Jefferson's greatest service as President was performed in bold 
disregard ot his own theory of a strict construction of the consti- 
tution. That instrument certainly gave no express authority to 
the Federal government to purchase territory. France, however, 
by a secret treaty with Sp'iin (1800), had recovered Louisiana, and 
Jefferson proposed, by way of removing vexatious disputes 
respecting the navigation of the Mississippi, to buy New Orleans. 
Bonaparte declined this offer, but agreed to eell the whole province 
of Louisiana, and the American commissioners took the responsi- 
bility of exceeding their instructions by a prompt acceptance. 
Thus, for the sum of $15,000,000, one quarter of which was to be 
paid to American citizens in satisfaction of claims against France, 
the United States acquired the vast region between the Gulf of 
Mexico and British America, the Mississippi river and the Rocky 
Mountains. 

Jefferson was triumphantly re-elected in 1804, receiving 162 
electoral votes against only 14 for C. C. Pinckney, but Burr was 
dropped and tbe "Vice-Presidency went to Gen. George Clinton. 

Brilliant, vicious, and unstable. Burr was almost everywhere 
distrusted. Of all his political adversaries the one whose oppo- 
sition he most rancorously resented was Alexander Hamilton. He 
killed Hamilton in a duel at Weehawken, on the Hudson, opposite 
New York, July 11, 1804, and, followed by general execration, he 
fled to the South, where we hear of him a year later embarking his 
desperate fortunes in a conspiracy whose exact purpose hag never 
been made clear. He seems to have planned the seizure of Mexico 
by an armed expedition from New Orleans, perhaps, also, the 
forcible detachment of some of the Western States from the Union. 
Arrested and put on trial for treason, he was acquitted on technical 
rulings, and after thirty wandering and unhappy years he died in 
disgrace. 

The Corsair states on the Barbary coast had long levied tribute 
upon the commercial powers trading in the Mediterranean, most 
nations choosing the ignoble course of buying immunity from their 
piratical attacks instead of fighting them. In 1801, however, the 
United States sent a squadron lo teach them moderation. Com- 
modore Preble, with the Constitution, imposed terms upon the 
Emperor of Morocco, and then bombarded Tripoli, where Lieut. 
Stephen Decatur, with a small schooner, had previously boarded 
the frigate Philadelphia, captured after she had run aground, and, 
driving off the Tripolitan crew, completely destroyed her. These 
and other exploits secured a few years of peace. 

With both France and England, in the meantime, the relations 
of the United States had become extremely unfriendly. Each of 
those powers, in making war upon the other, struck at the com- 
merce which America had acquired by neutrality. British orders 
in council declared an arbitrary blockade in the English Channel, 
and forbade neutral vessels to enter a French port without first 

Saying a tax in an English port. Napoleon retaliated by a paper 
lockade of all British ports, and by his "Milan decree," which 
confiscated every ship submitting to the English tax or the English 



XLII NA'W YORK TEIBUXE'S 

" right of search." Congress attempted to meet these high-handed 
measures by an embargo, which prohibited all vessels, American 
or foreign, from leaving the ports of the United States; but the 
law was unpopular and ineffective, and it gave place after a short 
trial (1809) to a non-intercourse act, forbidding trade with France 
and England. The old claim of the rightof search was enforced by 
the British with more violence than ever; the Department of 
State had the names of more than 6,000 seamen, alleged to be 
American citizens, who had been forcibly taken from American 
vessels; and the outrages culminated wheu a British man-of- 
war fired into the U. S. frigate Chesapeake, and took off four of 
her men. Peace could no longer be kept with honor; but the final 
responsibility was left for another administration. Jcffcrfon re- 
fused to be a candidate for a third term. His party, now beginning 
to be known as the Democratic, nominated the Secretary of State, 
James Madison (1868), and he was elected over C. C. Pinckney by 
122 out of the 176 electoral votes. Clinton was again chosen Vice- 
President. 

CHAPTER XVII. 

PRESIDENCY OF JAMES MADISON, 1809-1817.— WAR WITH ENGLAND. 

When Madison entered office, March 4, 1809, he had to confront 
not only an imminent foreign war, but a dangerous confederacy of 
the Indians, who, under the Shawnee Chief Tecumseh. and his 
brother, "* The Prophet," were known to be organizing hostilities. 
Gen. William Henry Harrison, governor of the Territory of In- 
diana, gained a signal victory over them at their principal town on 
the Tippecanoe river, Indiana (Nov. 7, 1811); but they were soon 
in arms again as open allies of the British, and their rising, merged 
in the war oetween England and the UnitPd States, was not quelled 
until Andrew Jackson inflicted a series of cnishing defeats upon 
the Creeks, ending with a buttle at the Horseshoe bend of the 
Tallapoosa, Alabama (March 27, 1814). 

The President published a declaration of war against Great 
Britain June 19, 1812. On land, as events soon proved, the 
country was little prepared for such an emergency. Gen. William 
Hull, being ordered to invade Canada by way of Detroit, sur- 
rendered to General Brock and Tecumseh not only Detroit, but th6 
whole Territory of Michigan (Aug. 16). He was afterwards sen- 
tenced to death for cowardice, but was pardoned on account of his 
services in the Revolution. An expeditiou against Queenstown 
Heights, near Niagara, was defeated by the bad conduct of the 
American militia. General Winchester surrendered to Proctor at 
Frenchtown (Mich.), and the sick and wounded prisoners were 
massacred by Proctor's Indians. Harrison successfully withstood a 
siege by Proctor and Tecumseh at Fort Meigs, in Ohio, and in various 
fights on the border the Americans showed gallantry. But the 
military operations upon the whole accomplished little. Dearborn, 
the commander-in-chief, was superseded by Wilkinson, a change 
which failed to restore the lost American prestige. 

It was the little half-starved American navy which saved the 
national honor. The Anti-Federalipt or Democratic party had 
always treated that branch of the service in a niggard, obstinate, 
and unfriendly spirit. The Southern Democratic members were 
generally opposed to a naval establishment; and Jefferson insisted 
upon substituting for ships of war a swarm of harbor gunboats 
which proved costly failures. Recent events had at last compelled 
Congress to refit the few avaihible frigates and order the construc- 
tion of new vessels. At once it seemed as if every disaster on land 



HISTOHY OF THE UNITED STATES. XLIU 

was to be counterbalanced by a \ictory on the ocean. The Essex, 
Captain Porter, captured the Alert. The Constitution. Capt. Isaac 
Hull, destroyed the frigate Guerriere off the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
(Aug. 19); later, under Commodore Bainbridge, took the frigate 
Java on the coast of Brazil; aud under Stewart captured the sloops 
of war Cyane aud Levant in a night engagement off the coast of 
Portugal. The United States, Commodore Decatur, captured the 
Macedonian (Oct. 25). The Hornet, Capt. James Lawrence, took 
the Peacock (Feb. 1813). The Enterprise, Lieutenant Burrows, took 
the Boxer (Sept. 5). The Essex under Porter sweptthe Pacific, mak- 
ing numerous prizes before, by a glaring invasion of neutralitj', she 
was destroyedby two British ships in the harbor of Valparaiso. Of 
the rare British victories which disturbed this brilliant record, the 
most important was the engagement between the Chesapeake and 
Shannon otr Boston (June 1, 1813), when the American frigate was 
captured by boarding, and her commauder, the gallant Lawrence, 
was mortally wounded, exclaiming as he was carried below, 
" Don't give up the ship." 

Nor was it only on the open sea that the navy maintained 
the honor ol the flag. Oliver Hazard Perry, a young master- 
commandant, by extraordinary exertions built aud launched 
a few vessels on Lake Erie. Naming his llag-ship the Law- 
rence, and displaying on his flag the famous iujuuction of the 
dying commander of the Chesapeake, he gave battle to a British 
flotilla of about equal strength, September JO, 1813, and in fifteen 
minutes forced it to surrender. This victory gave the Americans con- 
trol of the lake. Brock and Tecnmseh evacuated Detroit, and 
being followed by Harrison into Canada were defeated at Moravian 
Town, October 5. Tecumseh was killed. Michigan was now restored 
to the United States. An invasion of Canada under General Brown 
in the summer of 1814 was marked by an American victory at 
Chippewa (July 5) aud an indecisive battle at Lundy's Lane (July 
25), both near Niagara Falls; the movement hud no important 
consequences. 

Reinforced by veteran regiments from Wellington's army, the 
British General Prevost undertook the invasion of New York by 
the line of Lake Champlain with an army of 14,000 men, while a 
squadron under Captain Downie co operated with him. The Ameri- 
cans offered battle at Plattsburg— less than 6,000 troops under Gen- 
eral Macomb posted behind the Saranac river, and a squadron under 
Commodore Macdonough, far inferior to the British, drawn up at 
the entrance to Plattsburg Bay. The engagement, lasting two 
hours, ended in a complete American victory on land and water 
(Sept. 11, 1814), the invaders retreating in disorder to Canada. 

During all these operations on the froutier and on the sea, 
Washington had been left undefended. In August, 5,000 British 
soldiers and marines under General Ross and Admiral Cockburn 
were landed on the Patuxent river, about 40 miles from the capital. 
Easily dispersing a militia force at Bladensburg on the 24th, they 
entered the Federal city the same evening, the President and 
other oflicers of the government seeking safety in flight. They 
burned the capitol, with the library of Congress, the Presidett's 
house the Treasury, aid nearly all other public buildings except 
the Patent Office; aud after this vandal exploit they returned hastily 
to their ships, and proceeded to an attack upon Baltimore. Here, 
however, they were stoutly met. Ross was killed in an unsuccess- 
ful land engagement at North Point, and Admiral Cochrane failed 
in a bombardment of Fort McHenry, after which the enterprise was 
abandoned (Sept. 12-13). The operations against Baltimore and 
Washington and the ravaging excursions of Cockburn on the 
coasts were Bubordinate to a far more serious undertaking of the 



XLIV IfEW TOME TRIBUNE'S 



British, namely, the reduction of New Orleans and the eeizure of th« 
Mississippi. General Jackson, who commanded in the Southwest, 
hurried to New Orleans to meet this danger: but he was wretch- 
edly provided with men, arms, and money, and when the attacking 
force— 12.000 veteran soldiers under Sir Edward Pakenham, and a 
fleet numbering 4,000 sailors and marines— arrived in the Gulf, the 
American general could muster only 5,000 men, mostly militia. 
Capturing the American gunboats on Lake Borgne, an arm of the 
• Gulf which lies east of New Orleans, the British marched towards 
the city over a strip of land having the Mississippi on one side and 
a morass on the other. Jackson attacked their advance December 
23, 1814. enforcing a delay which both sides employed in constructing 
breastworks, the British using hogsheads of sugar, the Americans 
bales of cotton. The attack in force was made January 8, 1815. The 
assailants moved forward in excellent order; but nothing could 
withstand the American riflemen. Before these western sharp- 
shooters, the red lines melted away. Pakenham was killed; and 
after a loss of about 2,000 troops the British retreated, and the in- 
vasion was at an end. It was a useless battle, for two weeks before 
it was fought peace had been signed at Ghent. 

From the first the war had been unpopular in New England, 
which suffered severely in the destruction of commerce and the 
depredations of the British fleets; and complaints of the failures 
and misconduct of the government ripened into discontent with 
the supposed inequalities of the constitution, and projects for its 
immediate amendment. A convention of twenty-six delegates 
from the New England States met at Hartford, December 15, 1814, 
with closed doors. The most extravagant rumors of treasonable 
designs, of schemes for secession, nullification, and a separate 
peace with England, alarmed the administration and excited the 
public press. The convention, however, contented itself with a 
temperate report on grievances, the recommendation of certain 
constitutional amendments, and provision for another assembly 
six months later should the causes of dissatisfaction continue. 
Peace putanend to the whole affair; but the ultimatt purposes of the 
Hartford convention have always remained a subject of discussion. 

The principal cause of the war was the impressment of seamen. 
•• If this encroachment is not provided against," wrote officially the 
Secretary of State, "the United States have appealed to arms in 
vain." The obnoxious orders in council were revoked almost at 
the beginning of hostilities. Yet the American negotiators, John 
Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan Russell, 
and Albert Gallatin, were instructed by the President to abandon 
our essential claim if they could not otherwise obtain peace. In 
the treaty signed at Ghent, December 24, 1814, the object for which 
we had been fighting was not even referred to. But pence now 
prevailed in Europe; England was not in need of sailors; the right 
of search was allowed to drop ; and it is not likely to be reviTed. 

The scandal of the Barbary tribute was finally abolished during 
Mr. Madison's administration. Peace was no sooner concluded 
with England than Commodore Decatur sailed with a fine squadron 
for Algiers, where the crew of an American vessel had been 
reduced to slavery. Capturing some Algerine men-of-war, he com- 
pelled the dey to sign a treaty on board his flac'-ship, renouncing 
tribute from America for all time, and agreeing'to pay an indem- 
nity, release all his prisoners, and treat no more prisoners of war as 
slaves. Indemnities were also exacted from Tunis and Tripoli. 

Mr. Madison had been re-elected in 1812, with Elbridge G«rry as 
Vice-President. In 1816 the Democrats, favored by the popular 
rejoicings over the peace, were again successful and by an increased 
electoral majority, and James Monroe, Madison's Secretary of 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XLV 

State, became President March 4, 1817, with Daniel D. Tompkins 
aa Vice-President. 

CHAPTER XVIII. 

PRESIDENCY or JAMES MONROE, 1817-1825.— THE MISSOURI COM- 
PROHIHB PRESIDENCY OP JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, 1825-1829. 

The administraiion of Monroe, marked by a decline of party 
rivalries and a great advance in material prosperity, was called the 
" era of good feeling." The financial depression of the war period 
was quickly relieved by a tarifi passed in the spring of 1816, vi'hich 
recognized the principle of protection to home industries, recom- 
mended by Hamilton in a famous report on manufactures, and 
called by him " The American System," a title which has ever since 
clung to it. The Cotton States, which afterwards resented the pro- 
tective tariff as a wrong to the South, ardently supported it in 1816 
because it would create a domestic market for their staple product. 
The bill was reported by Lowndes, of South Carolina, and Calhoun 
was one of its leading advocates. Mr. Monroe found on entering 
office a full treasury and a definite and successful financial policy. 

The relations of the country with Spain were disturbed by the 
open sympathy of the United States with the revolting South Amer- 
ican republics, for whose recognition Henry Clay made an eloquent 
plea in Congress, and by complaints from the Florida border, 
wheris neither party seems to have dealt very scrupulously with the 
other. By the treaty of 1763 Spain ceded Florida to England. By 
the treaty of 1783 she recovered it, with disputed boundaries on the 
west, to which the United States gave a practical definition in 1810 
by occupying all that portion beyond the Perdido river, the present 
limit of the State. Spanish Florida became a safe refuge for the 
hostile Indians, and for large numbers of fugitive slaves. When 
Gen. Andrew Jackson was charged with a campaign against the 
Seminoles (1818), he seems to have had reason for understanding 
that the government would tacitly approve of his seizing Florida in 
the course of his military operations. He invaded the province, 
hanged two British traders for conspiring with the Indians, cap- 
tured St. Mark's and Pensacola, and shipped the garrison and civil 
authorities of the latter town to Havana. Diplomatic protests at 
Washington were answered with the plea of necessity; and Spain 
was practically forced to accept a long standing proposal of the 
United States for the cession vt Florida (1819). The nominal con- 
sideration was a price of |5,000,000; but all this was to be paid 
American citizens in satisfaction of claims against Spain. On the 
other hand, by a treaty to define the disputed boundary between the 
Spanish possessions beyond the Mississippi and the Louisiana 
purchase, the United States, which had claimed all the country as 
far as the Eio Grande, accepted the line of the Sabine, thus conced- 
ing to Spain what is now the State of Texas. 

The independence of the Spanish American states was formally 
recognized in 1822, and this action led to the announcement in the 
President's annual message the next year of the political "doc- 
trine" with which his name is inseparably associated. England 
had privately proposed a convention on the subject of the South 
American republics, and joint action against the absolutist de- 
signs of the Holy Alliance. Mr. Monroe declined to entangle 
the country in foreign complications; but in his message he made 
a remarkable declaration, with respect to the supposed designs 
of the European states, "that we should consider any attempt 
on their part to extend their system to any portion of this 
hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety;" and, as 



XLVI NEW YOIiK TRIBUNE'S 

a more general statement of policy, " that the American con- 
tinenls, by the frie and independent condition which they have 
assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as 
Bubjects for future colonization by any European power." 

It was in the administration of Mr. Monroe that the Blavery 
question began to be the supreme issue in American politics, and 
the defence of the jeculiar institution of the South to take the 
form of a fierce and intolerant propaganda. Natural cauees 
brought about the extinction of slavery in the Northern States, but 
the expectation of our early statesmen that it would gradually dis- 
appear at the South had been disappointed. The astonishing 
impetus given to the cotton industry by Eli Whitney's iuvention 
of the cotton gm created a new demand for slave labor, founded 
the business of breeding slaves for Bale, and stimulated domestic 
slave traders to fresh or utali ties. Since the beginning of the cen- 
tury, the admission of free and slave States alternately had given 
the slave party a fictitious etren^'th. Ohio (1802) was balanced by 
Louisiana (1812), Indiana (1816) by Mississippi (1817), Illinois (1818) 
by Alabama (1819). In all these instances the North accepted 
slavery where it was already well rooted. But when Missouri 
applied for admission as a State (1818), the question was squarely 
presented whether the United States should deliberately establish 
human bondage where it had no legal existence — a question affect- 
ing not only the condition of Missouri but the whole of the still 
unorganized Louisiana purchase, and whatever other territory 
might in future be acquired. The attempt to prohibit or restrict 
slavery in the new State was hotly resisted by the Southern party 
in Congress ; threats of disunion were heard in the Senate ; the de- 
bate lasied until March 1820, when the famous compromihC was 
adopted admitting Missouri as a slave State, and prohibiting sla- 
very forever in all the rest of " that territory ceded by France to 
the United States under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of 
36* 2fy N. lat."— that being the southern boundary of Missouri. 
To force the assent of Northern members, the friends of slavery 
coupled the admission of Maine with that of Missouri. The com- 
promise was supported by sincere patriots like Henry Clay, who 
believed that concessions were necessary for the )»eace if not for 
the safety of the Union; but it was a great victory for the slavery 
propagandists, whose claims from this time became more and 
more arrogant and exclusive. 

Monroe and Tompkins were re-elected in 1820, the President 
receiving all the electoral votes but one. The weakness of the 
opposition was only a symptom of the disintegration of parties, 
which by 1824 had gone so far thatthere were four candidates in 
the field— Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William H. 
Crawford, and Henry Clay. The choice went to the House of Rep- 
resentatives, and Adams was selected; John C. Calhoun, of South 
Carolina, had been elected Vice-President. Mr. Adams, the son of 
the second President, was Monroe's Secretary of State. Politically 
his administration was a period of transition, marked not less by 
the final disappearance of the old Federalist party than by a trans- 
formation of the philosophical Democracy of Jefferson — a transfor- 
mation of which the next administration was to give a signal ex- 
ample. The campaign of 1828 was exceedingly bitter, and Mr. 
Adams, who was g candidate for re-electiojj, was signally defeated 
by Gen, Andrew Jackson, Mr, Calhoun again becoming Vice- 
President. 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XLVII 



CHAPTER XTX. 

PRBSIDENCT OP ANDBEW JACKSON, 1629-1837.— THE BANK.— NULLI- 
FICATION.— PRESIDKNCY OF MARTIN VAN BUREN, 1837-1841.— OF 
W. H. HARBISON, 1841.— OP JOHN TYLER, 1841-1845. 

Jackson was imperious, daring, energetic, contentions, and igno- 
rant; and although his patriotism and sincerity are beyond question, 
his administration was distinguished above that of any of his prede- 
cessors for selfish intrigues and mean personal strifes. He introfliiced 
into national politics the spoils system, which became so fruitful a 
source of corruption; and from his time dates the spectacle of a 
mob of place-hunters thronging the capital at every change in the 
chief magistracy, to beg pay in appointments for their services to 
the successful candidate. The tone of official life was instantly 
lowered after his inauguration. A chivalric but ill-judged attempt 
to force Mrs. Eaton, tne wife of his Secretary of ^'ar, into Wash- 
ington society, was converted by hia violence from a tea-table 
squabble into an issue of state. Never had an American President 
so passionately asserted the claims of self as this special champion 
of the democratic masses. 

There was prejudice and obstinacy, but also sincere conviction, 
in the fight against the United States Bank which convulsed Jack- 
son's terms in office. The charter of the bank being about to ex- 
pire, he opposed its renewal on the p round that the measure was of 
doubtful constitutionality, and he complained, moreover, that the 
directors were using their financial power to influence the votes of 
Congress. The controverpy became a chief issue in Congress and 
the country. An act renewing the charter passed by large majori- 
ties (1832), and Jackson vetoed it. In the elections of that year, 
Clay, the leader of the bank party, the representative of many 
formidable interests, personally one of the most attractive men 
ever known in American politics, was Jackson's competitor, and 
Jackson was re-elected by an impressive vote. At the next session 
the attack upon the bank, whose charter had still four years to run, 
was renewed with fresh heat. The President questioned its sol- 
vency; and when Congress refused to authorize the removal of the 
fovernment deposits J he ordered the removal on his own responsi- 
ility, dismissing his Secretary of the Treasurjr, Duane, who de- 
clined to execute the ci^mmand, and appointing m his place Roger 
B. Taney, soon afterwards made Chief Justice. The Bank of the 
United States was destroyed; but the evils which Jackson discov- 
ered or imagined in its management were intensified by the opera- 
tions of the favored State banks selected as depositaries of the 
public money, and a great deal of commercial embarrassment 
followed. 

Nevertheless, the country was generally prosperous under the 
impulse of great public improvements and enlarging industries. 
The Erie canal, opened in 1825, brought to market the products of a 
rich region and created thriving towns. Steam navigation was 
developed on the rivers; ocean steamships began to make voyages 
between England and America; railroads, introduced in 1829, were 
rapidly multiplying; settlers took up public lands in the West; 
immigration was increasingj manufactures and farming were alike 

Erofitable, under the protective tariff. But the cotton-planters, who 
ad warmly favored the American system at the beginning, looked 
upon it with different eyes when it was found that free labor 
reaped the chief advantage under it. 

When the tariff was revised in 1828, the South was clamorous 
and threatening for a reduction of duties. When a more distinct- 



XlVin NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 

'vely protective measure was passed, in 1832, a State convention iu 
South Carolina resolved that the tariff acts were null and void, and 
that any attempt by the Federal goTernment to collect the duties 
in that State would absolve South Carolioa from all connection 
with the Union. The governor called upon the Legislature to 
"provide for all possible contingencies," and preparations were 
nL>ade for war. In meeting this revolt General Jackson exhibited 
hjs strongest and best qualities. He published a proclamation 
denying the right of either nullifiration or secession; he warned 
South Carolina ihat resistance would be promptly quelled; he sent 
General Scott to Charleston with troops and a ship of war; he 
asked Congress for special and enlarged powers. Two years before 
(1830), the constitutional question of Stale rights had been the sub- 
ject of a memorable debate in the Senate between Mr. Hayne, of 
South Carolina, and Duniel Webster. Now the nullifiers in Con- 
gress were led by John C. Calhoun, who had quarreled with 
Jackson, resigned the Vice-Presidency, and entered the Senate as 
the champion of that doctrine which was finally to drive tt e South 
into a ruinous rebellion , General Jackson would, perhaps, have 
been glad to try conclusions with the secessionists at once. But 
the difficulty was settled— or rather postponed— by a compromise 
in which Henry Clay again appeared as the pacificator. He intro- 
duced a new tariff bill, making a gradual reduction nntil 1842, when 
the duties were to be fixed at 20 per cent. South Carolina yielded ; 
and the " force bill,'" introduced at General Jackson's request, was 
allowed to linger until it was no longer needed, when it was 
passed. 

Jackson retired from office with a reputation for vigor, honesty, 
and courage which has increased in the lapse of time; and his 
popularity counted for much in the next campaign, when Vice- 
President Martin Van Buren was elevated to the Presidency (1836), 
against a divided opposition known by that time as the Whigs. 
Mr. Van Buren's administration was mainly a struggle with 
financial disasters, the country duriug his first year in office (1837) 
passing through a monetary crisis of extraordinary severity. As 
usual in such cases, the government was charged with blame 
which did not belong to it. The canvass of 1840 was one of un- 
precedented excitement. Van Buren, again the candidate of the 
Democrats, was signally defeated, and the Whigs came into power 
with Gen. William Henry Harrison as President and John Tyler as 
Vice-President. 

General Harrison died on the 4th of April, 1841, just one month 
after his inauguration. Tyler soon broke with the party which had 
elected him. He was accused of bad faith in vetoing bills for the 
creation of a new national bank, to whicli he was supposed to have 
signified his assent in advance. He cast his lot finally with the 
Democrats when he took up their scheme for the annexation of 
Texas. That country had conquered its independence from Mexico 
largely by the arms of American adventurers. A treaty of annex- 
ation (1844), negotiated by Mr. Calhoun, who had become Tyler's 
Secretary of State, was rejected by the Senate. The question was 
taken into the Presidential canvass. With the South and its 
Northern Democratic allies, the paramount consideration was gain- 
ing an area for slavery. The Whigs opposed the project, partly 
from hostility to slavery and partly from reluctance to go to war 
with Mexico. The Democrats nominated James K. Polk, the 
Whigs Henry Clay. Polk was elected by 170 votes against 105. A 
joint resolution annexing Tejcas was passed March 1, 1845, and Mr. 
Tyler signed it, as one of the last acts of his administration. 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. XLIX 



CHAPTER XX. 

PRESIDENCY OP JAMES K. POLK, 1845-1849. — THE MEXICAN WAR. — 
CALIFORNIA. 

Mr. Polk lost no time in negotiations with Mexico, but orciered 
Gen. Zachary Taylor to the frontier, with instructions to occupy a 
district between the Nueces and Rio Grande rivers, to which 
Mexico had never admitted that Texas had any claim. Here the 
first battles took place, Tjiylor, with 2,000 men, defeating Arista's 
6,000 at Palo Alto May 8, 1846, and beating the same enemy again, 
with heavy loss, at Resaca de la Palma the next day. The Americans 
then crossed the Rio Grande, and with a force raised by volunteers 
to 6,000 pushed into the interior of Mexico, capturing Monterey 
(Sept. 24) after a three days' battle, while the port of Tampico was 
taken by a squadron under Commodore Conner, and the province 
of California was conquered by a handful of explorers and sur- 
veyors under Capt. John C. Frdmont, and a few ships under 
Commodore Stockton. The Mexican war, which lasted only a 
year, was a series of uninterrupted victories for our arms, always 
gained against heavy odds, and seldom without hard fighiing. The 
Mexicans were brave, but they had few soldierly qualities except 
courage, and were miserably officered. The Americans, on the 
contrary, had excellent and well-trained officers of all grades, and a 
fine body of men in the ranks, the volunteers, according to General 
Grant, being better than the regulars. 

Weakened by the detachment of some of his best troops to 
serve under Gen. Wiufield Scolt in a movement against the Mexican 
capital, Taylor was attacked at Buena Vista (Fob, 23, 1847) by the 
Mexican President, Santa Anna. Although outnumbered four to 
one the Americans put their assailants to rout after a terrible 
battle of ten hours' duration. Scott and Commodore Conner 
arrived off Veri Cruz in March, That strong place, after a bom- 
bardment of four days, surrendered with 5,000 prisoners and 500 
guns (March 26), and Scott at once began his march to Mexico, 
He defeated Santa Anna at the mountain ])ass of Cerro Gordo 
(April 18), rested three months among the hills, to let his men 
recover from the effects of the climate, and in August appeared 
before the capital. He had only 10,000 men; the garrison of the 
city was about 30,000; and there were several Ftrong positions to 
be won before reaching the walls. On the 20th of August Scott 
carried the fortified camp of Contreras, the castle of San Antonio, 
and the heights of Cburubusco. On theSlh of September he won 
possession of the fortified Moliuo del Rey. On the 13th he 
stormed the heights of Chapultepec aud secured two of the gates 
of the city ; and the nest morning he entered the capital. This was 
practically the end of the war. By the treaty of peace signed at 
Guadalupe Hidalgo March 2, 1848, the United States was not only 
confirmed in the possession of Texas, with the Rio Grande as the 
boundary, but Mexico sold for $18,750,000 the provinces of Upper 
California and New Mexico, including Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and 
parts of Colorado and Wyoming. A further strip of territory south 
of the Gila river, now embraced in New Mexico and Arizona, was 
purchased five years later. 

The treaty of peace was not yet signed when the discovery of 
gold in the Sacramento valley (Feb. 1848), turned the attention of 
the world upon California. The deposits of the precious metal 
proved to be rich and widely distributed. The new acquisition of 
the United States became thronged with adventurers and gold hunt- 
ers. They made the long voyage around Cape Horn, the difficult 

D 



IfEW YORK TRIB UNITS 



transit of the Central American isthmus, or the long and dangerous 
wagon journey across the continent. In the year 1849, nearly 
100,000 emigrants entered the Territory. The new community, thus 
suddenly created, was naturally a paradise of gamblers and crimi- 
nals, and order was not securely established until a vigilance com- 
mittee in San Francisco ( 1851-55) had assumed the administration 
of justice, hanged four ruffians, and banished others. 
■ Utah laegan to receive settlers a little earlier than California, 
The Mormons, founded in Western New York in 1830 by an im- 
postor named Joseph Smith, who pretended to a revelation from 
Heaven, had been driven away from Nauvoo, Illinois, and their 
prophet had been murdered by a mob (1844). Under Smith's suc- 
cessor, Brigham Young, they removed into what was believed to be 
the desert 0847), built Salt Lalce City, on the great lake of Utah, 
and established an independent theocratic state which ihey called 
Deseret. Here the doctrine of polygamy, attributed to Smith's revela- 
tions, but first taught openly by Brigham Young, was put in gen- 
eral practice, and an autocracy, which has ever since been in virtual 
rebellion agninst the United States, was founded upon fanaticism 
and sustained by crime. In 1857 the Mormons massacred, at a place 
called the Mountain Meadow, a whole company of 120 persons who 
were on their way to California. Refusing to recognize the laws of 
the United States or the Territorial officers appointed by the Presi- 
dent, they were reduced to ouasi-submission by a display of mili- 
tary force (1858), but they have always defied or evaded the statutes 
against polygamy. 

Mr. Webster, while Secretary of State under President Tyler, 
negotiated an important treaty with Great Britain for the settlement 
of the northwestern boundary. The limits of the two countries on 
the northwest, where a large disputed territory had long been in 
their joint occupation, were more difficult to adjust. The L'nited 
States claimed as far north on the Pacific coast as latitude 54° 40', 
or the southern ex remity of what was then Russian America. 
Great Britian claimed as far south as latitude 42°^ the northern 
boundary of California. Both rested their pretensions upon dis- 
covery and exploration. A section of the Democratic party in the 
United States raised the cry of "Fifty-four forty, or fight," but the 
treaty of 1816, establishing the compromise line of 49° and securing 
to us Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, met with general acquies- 
cence. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

THE FIGHT FOR FREB TERRITOBT.— rKESIDENCY OF TATLOR, 1849- 

1850. — OP FILLMORE, 1850-1853.— cF pierce, 1853-1357.— op 

BUCHANAN, 1857-1861. — RISE OP THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. — ELBC- 
TION OP ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 

The renewal of the anti-slavery agitation by the annexation of 
Texas and the v>ar with Mexico, showed that during the quarter of 
a century since the supposed settlement by the Missouri compro- 
mise, the antagonism between freedom and bondiige had been 
gathering dangerous force. The demandb of the South had grown 
larger and more arrogant. It was now insisted thjit the i)re8erva- 
tion and extension of slavery should be the key to the entire 
national policy.oCongrei»8 passed a pa^ law to prevent the recep- 
tion of ami-slavery petitions. The mails were rifled to intercept 
anti-slavery newspapers and documents. On the other hand, the 
radical Abolitionists, led by Garrison, Lundy, the Lovejoys, Bir- 
ney, Tappan, and other enthusiastic reformers, though few m num- 
bers, socially discredited, mobbed, and outraged, were spreading 



BISTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. LI 

ideas which in time roused the spirit and conscience of the long 
tolerant North. That Texas shinild be a slave tjtate was a fore- 

fone conclusion. When it was proposed to place money at Mr. 
'oik's command for the purchase of further territory from Mex^ 
ico, David Wilmot, a Democratic member from Pennsylvania, 
moved in the House of Represeutativea (August 8, 18 i6), a resolu- 
tion since known as the Wilmot Proviso, that in any territory 
acquired from Mexico slavery should be forever prohibited. The 
resolution was not passed; but it presently marked a broad line of 
division in politics, splitting both parties and pointing the way for 
the union of uM shades of anti-slavery sentiment, on the principle 
of freedom lor the Territories. In the Presidential elections of 1848 
the Whigs nominated Gen. Zachary Taylor, who was acceptable to 
such moderate anti slavery leaders as Webster, William H. Seward, 
and Horace Greeley. The regular Democratic nominee was Lewis 
Cass, representing the anti-proviso majority of his party, while a 
bolting faction organized with Abolitionists and other?, under the 
name of Free Soilers, and nominated Martin Van Buren. General 
Taylor was elected. During the session of Congress between his 
election and inauguration, an address reported by Mr. Calhoun and 
signed by forty-eight Southern Senators and Representatives, 
declared that Congress had no power to exclude slavery from any 
new territory, nor had the territorial leaislatures or people any such 
power. The whole of the public domain must be given up to bond- 
age. Here at last the irrepressible conflict was clearly defined. 

The manifesto had much practical significance, because Califor- 
nia had already framed a free State constitution and was asking 
admission. Slavery had no existence there, or in any other part of 
the Mexican purchase, but the South fought strenuously against 
admission, sought to extend the Missouri compromise line to the 
Pacific (which would have cut California in two), and again threat- 
ened disunion. Another compromise — the last of this series of 
delusions— was brought forward by Mr. (:lay. It admitted Califor- 
nia as a free State, organized the Territories of New Mexico and 
Utah without either prohibition or permission of slavery, settled 
the boundary of Texas and gave that State $10,000,000, abolished 
the slave trade in the District of Columbia, and made stringent 

grovisions for the rendition of fugitive slaves. Defeated as a single 
ill, it was adopted in the form of separate acts and became law 
September 9, 1850. 

President Taylor died July 9, 1850, and was succeeded by the 
Vice-President, Alillard Fillmore, whose administration is now 
chiefly remembered for the enforcement of the odious fugitive 
slave act. In 1852 the Democrats elected Franklin Pierce, the 
candidate of the extreme pro-siavery and State rights party, the 
Whigs voting for Gen. Winfield Scott and the Free Soilers for John 
P. Hale. The convention which nominated General Pierce passed 
a resolution condemning all attempts, in Congress or out of it, to 
revive the slavery controversy or disturb the settlement of 1850. 
Yet, in less than two years, Stephen A. Douglas, Democratic Sena- 
tor from Illinois, introduced his bill to repeal the Missouri compro- 
mise' and organize the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, both 
within the limits which had been solemnly and forever dedicated to 
freedom, leaving them to establish slavery or not, as the inhabitants 
pleased. The astonishment and anger of the North were indescrib- 
able. But, after many exciting scenes, the iniquitous measure 
became a law, May 30, 1854, and the South began at once to show 
how new slave States could be created by "squatter sovereignty." 
The pro-slavery men poured into Kansas across the Missouri bor- 
der, often in armed companies, and with no thought of remaining 
in the Territory longer than might be necessary to vote.. < The Norta 



LII NE W YORK TTJB UNE'S 

met the crisis by the organization of emigiant aid societies to send 
out bona-Me eettlers. The free State party were a large majority 
of the population, but elections were carried with the most flagrant 
fraud and violence by Miesouriana imported for the purpose, legis- 
laturea assembled with hardly a show of legality, governora who 
attempted to do their duty were removed, outrage was followed by 
retaliation; for nearly five years Kansas was virtually in a state of 
civil war, and the whole country was convulsed by the straggle. 
The free settlers, however, sustained themselves against both bor- 
der marauders and a hostile Federal administration. Getting a 
chance to express themselves at the polls at last, they voted down a 
pro-slavery constitution by a large majority, and Kansas was ulti- 
mately admitted as a free State (1861). 

The excitement over these transactions was increased by various 
demonstrrttions of the Southern temper and purposes. Charles 
Sumner, for a speech in the debates on Kansas, was brutally and 
dangerously beaten in the Senate chamber by Preston S. Brooks, a 
Representative Irom South Carolina, whose constituents enthusias- 
tically re-elected him when he resigned after a vote of censure. The 
filibustering attempts of Walker in Central America, which seemed 
to promise the acquisition of more slave territory, were promoted 
by the South and hardly opposed by the administration. In 185i> 
Mr. Pierce suggested a conference of the American ministers to 
England, France, and Spain on the subject of getting Cuba, and 
the result was the truculent report known as the Ostend Manifesto, 
in which Messrs. James Buchanan, John Y. Mason, and Pierre Soule 
recommended that if Spain refused to sell the island (she had 
already refused with emphasis) the United States should take it by 
force. 

The repeal of the Missouri compromise resulted in the sudden 
and complete breaking up of the old Whig party. For a brief 
period an organization styling itself the American party, based 
principally upon the proscription of foreigners and Roman Catho- 
lics, and operating through secret lodges, collected many of the 
Whig fragments ; out the "Know Kothing" movement, as it was 
popularly called, was only an episode of transition, and the anti- 
slavery men soon began to coalesce under better auspices. The 
new Republican party held its first national convention at Phila- 
delphia June 17, 1856, and nominated for the Presidency Col. John 
C. Fremont, famous for his adventurous scientific explorations in 
the unknown far West. The Democrats named James Buchanan, 
whose principles were entirely satisfactory to the pro-slavery 
extremists, and Ex-President Fillmore was the candidate of the 
expiring American party, which had no real business in the con- 
troversy now fairly joined. Mr. Buchanan was elected, with John 
C. Breckinridge for Vice-President; but the Republicans polled an 
unexpectedly heavy vote. * 

Early in Mr. Buchanan's term the Supreme Court of the United 
States decided in the case of a slave named Dred Scott that a ne;.^ro 
could not be a citizen of the United States, and therefore could not 
sue for his freedom in that tribunal. The opinion of the majority 
of the judges, delivered by Chief Justice Taney, went still further: 
it pronounced the Missouri compromise unconstitutional, and 
declared that Congress had no power to exclude slavery from any 
United States territory (March, 1857). A forcible dissenting 
opinion was delivered by Justice Curtis. Instead of settling tTie 
controversy, this judicial approval of the Southern claims only 
added to the excitement. The South began to advocate the reopen- 
ing of the slave trade ; the North began to feel that, as Abraham 
Lincoln said, "the Union could not exist half slave, half free." 
In October, 1859, John Brown, a stern and fanatical Abolitionist 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. lAH 

who had fought for freedom in Kansas, startled the country by a 
crazy plot to bring about an insurrection of the slaves in Virginia. 
With a handful of followers be seized the United States arsenal at 
Harper's Ferry; but the slaves did not riee, the in aders were easily 
overpowered, and Brown, exhibiting at the last some heroic traits, 
was hanged December 2. His enterprise was almost universally 
condemned at the North ; and yet his death powerfully stimulated 
anti-slavery feeling. 

When the Democratic national convention met, in I860, the 
Southern delegates were bent upon carrying matters with a high 
hand. They insisted upon an explicit assertion of the duty of the 
Federal government to maintain slavery "in the Territories and 
wherever else its constitutional authority extends." The Douglas 
faction protested in vain that they could not carry the North with 
such a platform. The result was the disruption of the party. 
The Southern Democrats, many of whose leaders already counted 
upon secession, nominated Vice-President Breckinridge. The 
Northern wing nominated Douglas, with an evasive promise to 
" abide by the decisions of the Supremo Court of the United States 
upon questions of constitutional law." A so-called Constitutional 
Imion party placed In nomination John Bell and Edward Everett. 
The Republican convention at Chicago was the most memorable 
assemblage of the epoch*. Seward, Chase, Cameron, Bates, and 
other men who had been conspicuous for many years in the fight 
for freedom were set aside, and the nomination was given to Abra- 
ham Lincoln, of Illinois, whose celebrity, earned by a series of public 
debates with Douglas in a canvass for the Illinois Senatorshi,), was 
only of yesterday. The choice was not a fortunate accident; 
it was a wise and deliberate selection. None of the older leaders 
represented so well as Mr. Lincoln the spirit of the new party, or 
saw BO clearly the condition of the conflict at hand. After a stir- 
ring campaign, Lincoln was elected, with Hannibal Hamlin as Vice- 
President. He received all the electoral votes of the free States, 
except three in New Jersey, and he had none from the South. 



THE REBELLION. 



CHAPTER XXII. 

THB CONrEDBRATB STATES.— FORT 8UMTBB.— BXJLIj BUN. 

Few persons at the North had believed that the slave States 
would carry out their threat of secession; but the election of Mr. 
Lincoln was no sooner assured than the South Carolina Legisla- 
ture (November 10, 1860) ordered the assembling of a convention, 
which, on December 20, declared the union between South Carolina 
and the other States dissolved for the reason, among others, that a 
President had been chosen " whose opinions and purposes were 
hostile to slavery." Mississippi seceded January 9, 1861; Florida, 
January 10: Alabama, January 11 ; Georgia, January 19: Louisiana, 
January 26; Texas, February 1. Severalof these States entered 
upon the rebellion reluctantly, and their action -was the result 
rather of a conspiracy at Washington than of their own impulse; 
but once committed to the cause their people showed no lack of 
enthusiasm for it. Mr. Buchanan made no effort to maintain the 
national authority. On the contrary, his annual message in 
December virtually admitted the right of secession and encouraged 
.tbe disttiwoaists; and tfere© »§BibeM pf bie Cabinet, Howell Cobb 



LIV NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 

of Geore;ia (Treasury), John B. Floyd of Virginia (War), and 
Jacob Thompson of Mi ssii^sippi (Interior), were among the most 
active of the conspirators against the Union, even while they still 
held their offices under it. When Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated, 
March 4, 1861, a provisional government for the "Confederate 
States of America" had been established at Montgomery, Ala. 
(Febrnary, 1861), with Jefferson Davis and Alexander H. Stephens 
for President and Vice-President; forts, arsenals, arms and mil- 
itary supplies had been seized; and throughout the seceding States 
the national flag remained only on the forts of Charleston harbor, 
Pensacola, and Key West. On March 11a permanent constitution 
was adopted at Montgomery, and under it Messrs. Davis and 
Stephens were afterwards elected Pxesident and Vice-President for 
six years. 

In an admirable inaugural address Mi*^ Lincoln declared that he 
had neither the right nor the desire to interfere with slavery in i he 
States. He denied the right of secession, and he expressed his 
determination to enforce the laws throughout the national jurisdic- 
tion. For the principal posts in his Cabinet he chose his principal 
rivals at the Chicago convention. Mr. Seward became Secretary of 
State, Mr. Chase Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Cameron Secre- 
tary of War, Mr. Bates Attorney-Gene? al. The other places were 
filled by Gideon Welles (Navy), Caleb B. Smith (Interior), and 
Montgomery Blair ( Postmaster-General ). 

The war began April 12, 1861. Apprised of the intention of 
Mr. Lincoln to reinforce Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor, the 
Confederates opened fire upon that work, and after sustaining a 
bombardment of thirty-four hours, Major Anderson and the garri- 
son of 80 men were forced to surrender ( April 14 ). The next day 
the President issued a call for 75,000 volunteers. Never had the 
country behold such a patriotic uprising as now took place. The 
troops hurried forward; the quotas of the loyal States were filled 
at once, and a further call for 42,000 volunteers and 40,000 men for 
the regular army and navy was answered with as much enthusiasm 
as the first. On the other hand. North Carolina, Tennessee, and 
Virginia cast in their fortunes with the Rebellion, thus giving the 
Confederacy eleven of the fifteen slave States- all it ever obtained. 
The Confederate capital was removed to Richmond in July. 

The first operations were encouraging to the Confederates. 
They gained possession of the navy-yard at Norfolk and the 
arsenal at Harper's Ferry. A secessionist mob made a murderous 
attack upon Massachusetts troops passing through Baltimore 
(April 19), and for a short time severed direct communication 
between Washington and the North. In an unimportant engage- 
ment at Big Bethel, near Fortress Monroe, the Union troops under 
General Butler were worsted. To compensate for these Federal 
misfortunes, Generals McClellan and Rosecrans gained a series of 
victories in W^estern Virginia. In the meantime both combatants 
were mustering their main force in front of Washington. On the 
21st of July a Union army of about 18 000 under General McDowell 
attacked the Confederates under Beauregard at the crossings of Bull 
Run, near Manassas Junction, Va. The battle was in McDowell's 
favor until late in the afternoon, when the Confederate general, 
Joseph E. Johnston, eluding Patterson, an estimable militia general 
who had been ordered to keep him in check at Winchester, arrived 
on the field with fresh troops. The undisciplined Federal volun- 
teers were seized with sudden panic and driven into the defences 
of Washineton, having lost about 3,000 men against a loss of 2,000 
on the other side. This disaster only strengthened the courage 
and determination of the North. Congress authorized the enlist- 
-ment of 500,000 volunteers and voted an appropriation of $500,000,000, 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LV 

General McClellan was called from Western Virginia to 
reorganize and command the Army of the Potomac, and, on the 
retirement in November of the aged General Scott, was made gen- 
eraf-in-chief. Missouri and Kentucky had proposed to remain 
neutral during the struggle; but the Confederates treated this ab- 
surd policy with scant ceremony. In Missouri a strong secespion 
party, with which Gov. Claiborne F. Jackson was implicated, 
sought to carry the State out of the Union by force. Until the end 
of the year the tide of battle swept back and forth with varying 
success, McCulloch and Sterling Price leidiug Confederate inva- 
sions from Arkansas, and Lyon, Sigel, Fremont, Hnnter, and Hal- 
leck commanding the forces by which Missouri was finally saved 
for the Union. 

Immediately after the attack upon Fort Sumter, President Lin- 
coln proclaimed a blockade of all the Southern ports, and to enforce 
this measure extraordinary efforts were made to increase the nav^y. 
By the purchase and armament of merchant vessels efficient fleets 
were soon collected, and in the course of 1861-62 a number of naval 
and military expeditions were dispatched to close important South- 
ern harbors. Port Royal, Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds, Newbern, 
Femandina. Jacksonville, St. Augustine, Darien, Brunswick, and 
Savannah were thus sealed, or made dangerous for blockade run- 
ners; and England and France were deprived of the excuse for 
which they were watching to declare the blockade Invalid. On the 
first news of the first shot of the war, the British government, w.th 
headlong speed, issued a proclamation of neurality conceding to 
Mie Confederates all the rights of a belligerent power; and British 
eubjects entered actively into the business of running arms and 
other supplies through the blockade and bringing out cotton. The 
governing classes in England were in hearty sympathy with the 
South. The Emperor of the French was urging England to join 
him in recognizing the independence of the Confederacy. Onr for- 
eign relatious were in this critical condition when the indiscretion 
of a gallant naval officer gave Great Britain grave cause of com- 
plaint. Capt. Charles Wilkes, of the United States frigate San 
Jacinto, stopped the British passenger steamer Trent on the high 
seas, and took off Messrs. Mason and Slidell, Confederate commis- 
sioners to London and Paris ( Nov. 8, 1861 ). The act was indefensi- 
ble, and was promptly disavowed by the President, but it was 
loudly applauded throughout the country, and in yielding to the 
demand of the British government for the release of the prisoners, 
all Mr. Seward's astuteness was called for to make the surrender 
palatable to the American people. He took the do'-btfnl ground 
that Captain Wilkes was justified in searching the Trent and 
seizing the envoys as contraband, but that he ought to have sent 
the vessel into port for adjudication. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

CArrtTRE OF FORTS HENUY AND D0NEL90N. — SHILon.— NEW 

orleans.— tub monitor and the mjsukinac— campaign in 
Kentucky. 

In January, 1862, Mr. Cameron became minister to Russia, and 
was succeeded as Secretary of War by Edwin M. Stanton. Harsh, 
often unjust, at times tyrannical, Mr. Stanton was a man of 
renarkable force and of high patriotism, and Ins energetic admin- 
isi ration of military affairs was felt in every brunch of the service 
through the rest of the war. 

At the beginning of the year the number of men under arms. 



LVI NEW YORK TEIBUNE'S 

Federal and Confederate, was not far from a million, and the two 
sides were well matched, botb in the character and spirit of the 
eoldiers and the capacity of the oilicers. The Confederates held 
the Mississippi from ita mouth to the sonthem bonndary of Ken- 
tucky, with a line of strong positions extending through Kentut ky 
and Tennessee to Virginia, and a large force between the Putomao 
and the Rappahannock, covering Richmond and threatening 
Washington. The Federals confronted them with two western 
armfes, one under Halleck. with headquarters at St. Louis, the 
other under huell, at Louisville, while fleets of gunboats and 
rams were prepared for service on the Mississippi. In fr^ ut 
of Washington, McClellan had formed the Army of the Poto- 
mac into a fine organization of nearly 200,000 men. The earli- 
est important engagement of the year was at Mill Sjring, in 
Kentucky, where Gen. George H. Thomas, with a part of Biiell's 
army, gained a signal victory in which the (. onfederate General 
Zollicofcer was killed. A little later a movement was undertaken 
by Brigadier-General Grant, then just rising into notice as an 
enterpriring commander under Halleck, and Flag Oflicer Foote 
with a flotilla of gunboats, for the reduction of Forte Henry and 
Donelson, which barred the entrance into Western and Middle 
Tennessee by the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers. Fort Henry 
was reduced by the fleet February (j; Fort Donelson, a stronger 
work, surrendered to a land attack, with over 10,000 prisoners, 
February 16. It was here, in answer to General Buckner's request 
for terms, that Grant used the phrase, soon in every one's mouth, 
"No terms except unconditional and immediate surrender can be 
accepted." These victories obliged the Confederates to abandon 
Nashville, and the strong fortifications of Columbus, on the Missis- 
sippi. Grant and Bueil followed the retreating enemy southward. At 
Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing, on the Tennessee river, Grant was 
attacked, April 6, by a superior force under Albert Sidney Johnston, 
and in a terrible battle, lasting all day, was severely handled. 
During the night Buell arrived with fresh troops, and on the 7th 
the combined Union armies won a complete victory. Johnston, one 
of the ablest of the Confederate generals, was killed on the first 
day, and Beauregard replaced him. Halleck took command of the 
forces of Grant and Buell, and cautiously advanced as far as Cor- 
inth, Miss., where an important strategic position was abandoned 
at his approach. \* 

The river flet ts nobly sustained the fame of the American navy. 
Flag Officer Foote co-operated with General Pope in the capture of 
a formidable stronghold at Island No. 10, in the Mississippi, on the 
day of the victory of Shiloh, April 7; and Capt, C. H. Davis, 
destroying a Confederate flotilla, forced the evacuation of Fort 
Pillow, June 4. and the surrender of Memphis, June 7. For the 
reduction of New Orleans, a fleet of forty-five ships, gunboats, and 
mortar-boats under Flag Officer David G. Farragut was ordered to 
the Lower Mississippi. Forts Jackson and t>t. Philip, situated 
on opposite banks of the river, seventy-five miles below New Or- 
leans, were the principal defences of the city. After a bombard- 
ment of six days from the mortar-boats under Capt. David A. 
Porter, Farragut, with the rest of the fleet, himself leading the 
way in the flag-thip Hartford, boldly passed the forts under a furi- 
ous cannonade (April 24, 1862), cutting a barrier of chains and 
spars, and engaging a flotilla of sixteen vessels, nearly all of 
which were captured or destroyed. New Orleans, evacuated by 
its garrison, surrendered to him on the 25th and was occupied by 
an army under General Butler, and the forts surrendered to Captaiu 
Porter. ' > » 

Aaiong the prizes obtained by tho Confederates, when Nol-folk 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LVII 

fell into their hands, was the steam-frigate Merrimac. They 
converted her into a powerful ram with a slant roof of railroad Iron 
covering h»r deck and sides, against which the heaviest guns had 
no effect. On the 8th of March, 1863, she attacked the Federal fleet 
in Hampton Roads, sinking the Cumberland, burning the Congress, 
and retiring W-th impunity on the approach of night. When she 
came out the next morning to renew her work ehe was met by a 
nondescript 11. tie craft which the sailors called " a cheese-box on 
a raft." This was Capt. John Ericsson's turret iron-clad monitor, 
just arrived on her first voyage, nnder command of Lieutenant 
Worden. She fought the ram for five hours, receiving no damage, 
and at last driving the MerHmac back to Norfolk, whence she never 
reappeared. 

In the summer the Confederates made extraordinary efforts to 
repair their disasters in the West. An invasion of Kentucky was 
undertaken simultaneously by Kirby Smith, who occupied Lex- 
ington and Frankfort and for a while threatened Cincinnati, and 
by Braxton Bragg, who, after a victory at Munfordsville ( Sept. 17), 
advanced towards Louisville. Buell, by forced marches from Nash- 
ville, reached Louisville one day before his adversai-y, xnd, after 
collecting reinforcements, slowly pushed the Confederates back. 
Bragg and Kirby Smith united at Frankfort, and on October 8th, 
B«ie' If ought them at Perryville. His campaign had been skilfully 
conducted, and the battle of Perryvii*e put an end to the invasion; 
but Bragg carried off an immense quantity of supplies, and Buell, a 
victim to the government's unreasonable expectations, was super- 
seded by Rosecrans. This officer, already distinguished bv victo- 
ries over Price and Van Dorn at luka and Corinth, gained fresh 
laurels by the defeat of Bragg in the two battles of Stoue River, 
near Murfreesboro, Tenn., December 31, 1862, and January 2, 1863. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

M'CLEI.LAN on the peninsula.— second BTTLt, RUN.— ANTrETAM. — 
PROCLAMATION OP EMANCIPATION.— PREDBRICKSBURG. — CHAN- 
CELLORS VILLE.— GETTYSBURG. 

Relieved of the command of all the armies except his own, 
McClellan began his advance against Richmond in March, 1862, 
choosing the route by the Yorktown peninsula, between the York 
and James rivers, and landing over 100,000 men from transports at 
Fortress Monroe. The march was slow, his forces being detained 
in front of Yorktown a full month, and the Confederates under 
Gen. Joseph E. Johnston had ample tim^ to strengthen their 
defences. McClellan gained the battle of Williamsburg, May 5, 
and advanced within seven miles of Richmond. General Wool took 
popstseion of Norfolk, where the enemy blew up the ram Merrimac 
bel'ore retiring. The Federal gunboat« entered James river. 
There was panic in Richmond, and the Confederate Congress hastily 
adjourned. But the golden opportunity was not perceived. Before 
quitting the Potomac, McClellan had been instructed to leave a 
strong force for the protection of the capital. Deciding that the 
scattered and somewhat inefficient commands designated for that 
purpose were not enough, the President detached McDowell's corps 
from the Army of the Potomac, and held It in front of Washington. 
McDowell might still have co-operated with McClellan by a move- 
ment against Richmond from the north; but the Confederate 
General T. J Jackson, popularly known as "Stonewall," suddenly 
burst into the Shenandoah valley, and swept down towards the 

Potpmac, drivipg Ocucifti iJauke ncroeg the river, cbe^iimg Qeaerai 



LYIII NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 

T^^mont at Cross Keys, June 8, defeating Shields at Port Republic, 
and filling the North with alarm for the safety of Washington, 
McDowell was turned aside and sent after Jackson ; and Johnston 
seized his chance to fall upon McClellan's left, which had been 
pushed across the Chickahominy. On the 31st of May, when the 
river and its swampy borders were so filled by a heavy rain that 
communication between the two wings of the Army of the Poto- 
mac was difticult and uncertain, the Confederates made a 
determined attack at Fair Oaks (or Seven Pines), and were beaten 
only after a hard battle, in which the Union loss was greater than 
theirs. General Johnston was badly wounded, and the chief com- 
mand was soon afterwards conferred upon Robert E. Lee, son of 
" Light Horse Harry " of the Revolution, and the one character of 
the Rebt'liion whose personal and professional meiits have been 
unanimously admired by both Fides. Reinforced by Jackson, who 
had now left McDowell's corps where it could do no harm, Lee- 
attackt'd the Union riyht at Gaines' Mill, June 27, drove it across 
the Chickahominy with heavy loss, and severed McClellan's com- 
munications with his base of supplies at White House, on the 
Pamunkey. while Stuart's Confederate cavalry rode entirely around 
the Federal lines. 

McClellan's position, astride a swamp and a treacherous river, 
was untenable. He resolved upon the delicate maneuver of a 
change of base, from the York river to the James, by a flank march 
to the left. The movement, lasting from June 28 to July 1, was 
carried out with skill, the troops marching all night and lighting 
gallantly all day. Lee attacked them at Golding's Farm, Savage's 
Station, White Oak Swamp, etc, and the series of engagements 
known as the Seven Days' Battles closed at Malvern Hill, near the 
James, where the Confederates were signally repulsed. McClellan 
then fortified himself at Harrison's Landing, with the gunboats in 
his rear. He had lost 15,000 men during the change of base, and 
Lee nearly as many. 

Halleck, in the meantime, had been called to Washington, with the 
rank of general-in-chief, and the corps of McDowell, Banks, and 
Fremont had been united under the command of Pope. But Pope 
and McClellan were so placed that neither could help the other. 
McClellan was ordered to abandon the peninsula and transfer bis 
whole army by water to the Potomac, As eoon as the movement 
was developed, Lee hurled his army against Pope, pressing him 
back from the liue of the Rapidan, while Pope stubbornly con- 
tested the ground. From the 26th of August to the Ist of Septem- 
ber there was an almost continual battle, a part of it taking place 
on the old field of Bull Run, McClellan't, troops were pushed 
forward, as they tardily arrived, and the contest at many points was 
gallantly maintained; but Pope was outgeneraled and outnumbered; 
Stonewall Jackson, passing through an undefended gap in the mount- 
ains, menaced bis rear, and he fell back in disorder to the defences 
of Washington, where the army passed again under the command 
of McClellan. 

Lee now invaded Maryland, crossing the Potomac at Leesburg, 
while Jackson captured Harper's Ferry. McClellan attacked and 
defeated Lee at {»outh Mountain, September 14, 1862, and on the 17th 
encountered the whole Confederate force on Antietam creek, near 
Sharpsburg, A severe battle lasted all day and left both combat- 
ants exhausted. Practically it was a Union victory, for it put an 
end to the invasion; but Lee retired unmolested, and McClellan 
declined to move further until his army had been thoroughly refitted. 
* The position of President Lincoln with respect to slavery had 
become a cause of dissension in the Republican party, by the 
advanced section of which his cautious and coueervativ« nolicy was 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LIX 

viewed with increasing impatience. That policy was tersely 
expressed in his answer to a publiclclter from Horace Greeley: "My 
paramount object is to save ihe Union, and not either to save or 
destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slaTe, 
I would do it — if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would 
do it— and if I could save«it byVreeing some and leaving others 
alone, I would also do that. What I do about slavery and the col- 
ored race, I do because I believe it helps to save this Uuion, and 
what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to 
save the Union." But when he wrote this, the President had 
already resolved to proclaim emancipation as a war measure on ihe 
morrow of the next Union victory; and the battle of Antietam gave 
hira the opportunity. The proclamation, issued September 22, 
1862, announced that on the 1st of the next January all slaves in 
States or designated parts of States in rebellion should be "then, 
thence forward, and forever tree." and should be bo treated by tho 
civil, military and naval authorities of the United States. The final 
proclamation, in accordance with this preliminary announce- 
ment, was duly issued at the appointed time. 

General McClellan, who had written an extraordinary letter to 
the President from Harrison's Landing, after the failure of the 
Chickahominy campaign, warning him that *'a declaration of 
radical views, especially upon elavery," would disintegrate the 
army, consulted his friends after the appearance of the proclama- 
tion of freedom, to decide whether he should not throw down his 
Bword and refuse to serve an Abolitionist government.\ »He bad 
begun to move against Lee, however, when, m November, he was 
relieved from duty, and the Array of the Potomac was intrusted to 
General Burnside. This gallant officer, who had shown high quali- 
ties on emaller fields, was unequal to the command of 100,000 
men, and his short campaign was a complete disaster. Attacking 
Lee at Fredericksburg on the Rappahannock, December 13, 1862, he 
repeatedly stormed the heights behind the town, only to be beaten 
back with cruel loss, and on the night of the 15th-16th he withdrew 
across the river after a vain sacrifice of 12,000 men. In January 
he was replaced by General Hooker, who was able in the spring to 
resume the advance upon Richmond with 120,000 men. He crossed 
the Rappahannock above and below Fredericksburg, and met Lee 
at Chancel lorsville, about five miles ft-om the scene of Burnside's 
failure. The battle was fought through the 2d and 3d of May, 1863. 
A sudden onslaught by Stonewall Jackson's corps surprised and 
routed the Union 'ight, hurling the fragments in confusion npon 
the centre, and Lee then fell with his main force upon the left 
grand division of Sedgwick, separating it from the rest of the army, 
and pressing it bark to the river. Again the Army of the Potomac 
recrossed th^ Rappahannock under cover of the night, the losses by 
fills failure amounting to about 17,000. 

Lee at once marched for the North, crossing into Pennsylvania, 
advancing as far as Chambersburg, and menacing Washington, 
Baltimore, and Philadelphia. The Army of the Potomac followed 
him, covering the capital. On the 28th of June Hooker was super- 
seded by Gen. George G. Meade ; and under this commander the 
Federal forces met the invaders at Gettysburg on July 1, 1863. The 
battle, lasting three days, was by far the most severe in which 
Americans had ever engaged. The opposing troops were about 
equal in numbers— 100,000 on each side— equal in spirit, and equally 
well handled. When the Confederates made their last desperate 
charge, on the evening of the 3d, against Meade's firm lines, and were 
beatenback, the Confederacy received its death wound, for it never 
recovered from the exhaustion of this campaign. On the 4th Lee re- 
treated to the Potomac. He had lost 30,000 men and Meade 23,000.' 



LX NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 

CHAPTER XXV. 

FROM THE FALL OF VICKSBURO TO THK END OF THE WAR. 

On the very day of Lee's retreat from Gettysburg, the Confed- 
erates suffered an equal disaster in the West by the surrender of 
Vicksburg. Situated on high ground on the east bank of the Miss- 
issippi, and difficult of approach on the north owing to the nature 
of the country, that stronghold had resisted several Federal 
attacks, when General Grant conceived a bold plan for approaching 
it from below. He marched his army down the west bank of the 
Mississippi to Brumsburg, where the fleet under Commodore Por- 
ter, having run the formidable batteries of Vicksburg, ferried him 
across the river. Then cutting loose from his base, living on the 
country, and fighting as he moved, he hastened to intercept an 
army under Joseph E. Johnston, which was coming from the east 
to relieve Vicksburg. This force was thoroughly beaten at Jack- 
son, Miss., May 14, 1863, by the corps of McPherson and Sherman; 
and the Union army then turned upon Pemberton, who with the 
garrison of Vicksburg was advancing from the opposite direction 
to meet Johnston. Two defeats drove him back to his defences; 
but Grant twice failed to carry the city by assault, and it was only 
after a seige of forty-five days that Pemberton and his 27,000 men 
surrendered, July 4. The capture of Port Hudson by General 
Banks four days later gave the Federal fleets and armies permanent 
control of the whole Mississippi, and cut the Confederacy in two. 
Rosecrans began an advance from Murfreesboro about the end of 
June, driving Bragg out of Middle Tennessee and back beyond Chat- 
tanooga. Reinforced from Johnston and Lee, Bragg ofi"ered battle 
at Cbickamauga, and a severe engagement was fought September 
19th and 20th, ending in a rout of the Union right wing, which only 
the stubborn resistance of Thomas on the left prevented from 
becoming general. But Bragg did not venture to press his victory, 
and Rosecrans fell back to the strong position of Chattanooga. 
There he was superseded by Thomas in command of the Army of 
the Cumberland in October, while the general charge of operations 
in the West was committed to Grant. Joined by Sherman with 
the Army of the Tennessee, and by Hooker with two corps from 
the Potomac, Grant assailed Bragg' s position in front of Chatta- 
mooga. Hooker carrying Lookout Mountain by storm, November 24, 
^ and the main army sweeping over Missionary Ridge the next day. 
Knoxville, where Burnside had been withstanding a trying seige, 
was now relieved. Bragg was deprived of his command. 

Against these Union triumphs the Confederacy had little to 
show during the year except riotouB opposition to the draft in 
New York, plots of disloyal organizations at the West, and above 
all else the operations of the Alabama and other cruisers, the best 
of them built in England and largely manned by English sailors, 
which nearly ruined the foreign shipping trade of the United 
States. The Alabama, under Capt. Raphael Semmes, after 
destroying more than 60 merchant vessels, was sunk off the harbor 
of Cherbourg, June 19, 1864, by the Kearsarge, Captain Winslow. 
The ships were eqnally matched, and the result was due to the 
better gunnery of the Kearsarge. 

By the spring of 1864 the administration, having learned the 
cost of divided councils and found a general whom it trusted, was 
prepared to reorganize the military forces under a single head. 
Grant was made general of all the armies March 2, 1864, with the 
rank of lieutenan^general. He took personal charge of the opera- 

tionniA Vu'guii&f leaviBg Me^de m immediate ^ommAsd ,^| t^o 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LXI 

Army of the Potomac, while the three western armies— of the Ohio 
(Schofleld), Tennessee (McPherson), and Cumberland (Thomas)— 
were united under General Sherman. 

Both great organizations, eaetem and western, were ordered to 
advance about the Ist of May. The Army of the Potomac, crossing 
the Rapidan, May 4, near Chamcellorsville, found itself on a dif- 
ficult, thickly wooded tableland called the Wilderness, through 
which it was necessary to fight a way at great disadvantage. Lee 
attacked on the 5th, and the Dattle lasted, with little intermission, 
until Grant was out of the woods on the 9th, and concentrated at 
Spottsylvania Court House. He had lost 20,000 men in the Wilder- 
ness ; in ten days' engagements near Spottsylvania he lost 10,000 
more. On the 11th he telegraphed to Wabhington, "I propose to 
fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." At the end of May 
he had reached McClellan's old battle ground on the Chickahom- 
iny. There he was repulsed in two terrible assaults upon Lee's lines 
at Cold Harbor, in the second of which (June 3) he lost 10,000meu in 
twenty minutes. But Lee also had suffered terribly, and, unlike 
Grant, he had nothing in reserve, lor the Confederacy had drafted 
its last man. 

Throwing his army across the James, to approach Richmond 
from the south, Grant was obliged first to reduce the strongly forti- 
fied town of Petersburg. Attempts to take it bv assault repeatedly 
failed (June and July), and at last the Federal commander settled 
down to a regular siege. Lee sought to shake his hold by making 
a diversion m the Shenandoah valley. Early swept through that 
harassed region, entered Maryland, made a futile demonstration 
against Washington (July), and burned Chambersburg, Pennsyl- 
vania ; but General Sheridan in a rapid campaign praciically 
broke up Early'^s command, and so stripped the valley that the 
Confederates could never again draw supplies from it. 

Sherman moved from Chattauooga on the 7th of May with 
100.000 men. His first object was the capture of Atlanta. Opposed 
to him were 60,000 Confederates under Johu^ ton, who, not venturin<< 
noon a general ensagement, skilfully obstructed and delayed the 
aavance. Impatient at this defensive policv. President Davis 
replaced him by Hood, who gave battle and failed, July 20 and 
26, and by a masterly movement of Sherman's was driven out <.f 
Atlanta, which the Union army entered September 2. Then, burning 
the town, destroying the railroads and telegraph in his rear, cutting 
loose from all his connections, and detaching Thomas to take care of 
Hooo, Sherman with 65,000 men began, November 14, his famous 
march to the sea. He was uncertain at starting where he should 
come out, and for nearly a mouth nothing was heard from him at the 
North. Extended over a breadth of forty miles, and gathering 
vast quantities of supplies and cotton, his army traversed Georgia 
with Mttle fighting, and appeared before Savannah, where Port 
McAllister was taken by assault December 13, the city being evacu- 
ated on the 20th. On the 1st of February, 1865, he started northward 
to co-operate with Grant. He seized Columbia, forced the evacua- 
. tion of Charleston, fought Johnston at Fayette ville, and was joined 
"at Goldsboro by Schofield and Terry. There he halted. 
,. In the meantime Hood had invaded Tennessee, where Thomas 
awaited him at Nashville. Disregarding the urgency of the Presi- 
dent and the general-in-chief, Thomas would not strike until he 
was thoroughly prepared. Then he fell upon Hood, December 15, 
and crushed him in a two days' battle. 

'The harbor of Charleston had been closed to the Confederates 
since the summer of 1863, when the batteries of General Gillraore 
and the squadron of Commodore Dahlgren reduced Fort Wagner, 
demolished Sumter, and enabled the blockading ships to enter the 



LXn NEW YORK TRIBUNE'S 

port. Mobile was closed August 5, 1864, when Farragut forced his 
way past Forts Gaines and Morgan, and demolished the Confederate 
flotilla in the bay, leading the fight, lashed to the rigging of the 
Hartford. Wilmington, the only important port remaming to the 
Confederacy east of Texas, was defended by Fort Fisher, which 
fell before a combined laud and naval attack by Terry and Porter 
January 16, 1866. 

The situation of Lee was now desperate. In the hope of break- 
ing through Grant's lines and uniting with Johnston, he made a 
fierce assault upon Fort Steedman March 25, but was repulsed 
with heavy loss. Grant pressed his advantage, extending and 
strengthening his left, where, on the Ist of April, Sheridan gamed a 
great victory at Five Forks. This was the decisive action. Lee 
evacuated Petersburg and Richmond the next day, and retreated 
towards Lynchburg, closely followed and flanked by Grant. The 
Confederates are supposed to have had 50,000 or 60,000 men when 
they abandoned their capital. In six days these were reduced one 
half by capture and other caeualiies of the hasty retreat, and 
many of the remainder had lost or thrown away their arms. On 
the yth of April, 1865, the Army of Virginia surrendered at Appo- 
mattox Court House, twenty-eight thousand men giving their parole, 
and then dispersing quietly to their homes. Johnston surrendered 
37,000 men to Sherman April 26, and one by one the other Confed- 
erate commands laid down their arms or broke up and disap- 
E eared. Jefferson Davis was captured by the Federal cavalry at 
•winsvIUe, Georgia, and long confined at Fortress Monroe on an 
indictment for treason; but at last he was released on bail fur- 
nished by Horace Greeley and others, and the prosecution was 
dropped. The great Rebellion, which cost 600,000 lives, was over. 



THE NEW UNION. 



CHAPTER XXVI. 

ASSASSINATION OF PKESIDENT LIKCOLN.— PRESIDENCY OP ANDREW 
JOHNSON, 1865-1«69.— OF GENBKAL GRANT, 1869-1877. 

-jie tremendous burdens of the war were borne by the North 
with an ease which has no parallel in the history of such conflicts. 
Expenses were met by an increase in the taritf, by internal taxes, 
popular loans, and the issue of Treasury noies; and although the 
evils of inconvertible paper money were not escaped, industries 
were stimulated by the tariff, the creation of a national banking 
system gave a safe and stable currency, and peace was followed by 
a rapid extingaishmeut of debt, a reduction of taxes, and an appre- 
ciation of the legal-tender notes. In the South, on the contrary, 
which under the slave system could not manufacture what it 
needed, and by the blockade was cut off from foreign trade, the 
distress was extreme. All the obligations of the goverrmient be- 
came worthless, and nearly the whole population was reduced to 
poverty. 

Mr. Lincoln had been re-elected in 1864 by an enormous major- 
ity over the Democratic candidate, General McClellan; and in his 
second inaugural address, March 4, 1865, there was a memorable 
passage which disclosed at once the depth and nobility of his char- 
acter, and his feeling towards the sufl'eving people of the shattered 
Confederacy: "With malice towards none, with charity for all, 
with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us 



niSTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. LXHI 

strive to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, 
to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow 
and orphans; to do all which may achieve and cherish a jastand 
a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations." But on the 
14th of April, five days after Lee's surrender, the President was 
assassinated in the theatre atWashington by an actor named John 
Wilkes Booth, who, shouting '■'Sic semper tyratinit / The South 
is avenged! " escaped for a time in the confusion. On the same 
night one of his accomplices named Payne made a desperate 
attempt upon the life of Secretary Seward. Booth was afterwards 
killed in resisting arrest. Payne and three others were hanged. 

The death of the President stirred the nation with profound 
emotion. Ko one since Washington had taken so firm a hold upon 
the popular trust and attachment; no ruler in our history has risen 
BO steadily in the estimation of mankind. When his great heart 
was stilled the South lost its best friend. 

The Vice-President, Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, succeeded 
to office with a rancorous feeling against traitors. But he soon 
changed his tone, quarreled violently with the Republican majority 
in Congress, vetoed bills for the protection of the colored people, 
and adopted a scheme of reconstruction which would have restored 
the rtbol States to the Union with the disloyal eleoicut in full 
control and the freedmen helpless and unrepresented. There was 
little disposition among the vanquished secessionists at that date 
to accept the political consequences of the war, and they lost no 
time in showing, by brutal vagrancy laws and other devices, that 
their purpose was to reduce the ex-slaves to a servitude as harsh in 
Bome respects as the former bondage. Congress had already pro- 
posed to the States a thirteenth amendment, ratifying the procla- 
mation of emancipation by a constitutional prohibition of 
of slavery, and in December, 1865, it was declared adopted by the 
necessary three-fourths. A fourteenth amendment was now pro- 
posed, to secure the freedmen in the right of citizenship, to provide 
that those who are denied the sufl'rage shall not be counted in the 
basis of representation, to disqualify certain classes of Confeder- 
ates from holding office without the consent of Congress, to atflrm 
the validity of the United States debt, and to prohibit the payment 
of the rebel debt or claims lor the emancipation of slaves. When- 
ever this amendment should be adopted, Congress oflFered to 
readmit to representation the rebel States accepting it. Tennessee 
ratified the amendment at once, and, having already a loyal govern- 
ment, was restored to the Union without waiting for action else- 
where. The other ten States of the Confederacy rejected the amend- 
ment with something like contempt and defiance. Congress there- 
upon placed them under military rule, to await reconstruction under 
more stringent conditions. 

The animosity of the President towards the two houses of Con- 
gress, sometimes strangely emphasized by Mr. Johnson's personal 
foibles, had now become a deplorable scandal. A tenure of ofiice 
act was passed (March, 1867) to limit hio power of making re- 
movals. He flouted it by removing Mr. Stanton from the ottice of 
Secretary of War. For this and other offenses he was impeached 
by the House of Representatives March 5, 1868, and tried by the 
Senate under the presidency of Mr. Chase, who bad been appointed 
Chief Justice in 1864. The exciting trial ended in May with a Tote 
of one less than the two-thirds necessary to convict. 

The purchase of Russian America (Alaska) for $7,200,000 in 
1867, is the event by which Mr. Johnson's administration is most 
favorably remembered. 

* The Republicans in 1868 nominated General Grant for the Presi- 
dency, with Schuyler Colfax for Vice-President, and he was easily 



LXIV ^EW YORK TRIBUNE'S 

elected over Horatio Seymour, whom the Democrats, after an effort 
to take up Chief Justice Chase, presented on a platform which de- 
clared the reconstruction acts unconstitutional, revolutionary, and 
Toid, and demanded the payment of the national debt in depre- 
ciated paper. The fourteenih amendment became a part of the 
conatitutionin July of this year, and eight of the rebel States, hav- 
ing accepted it, were restored to representation in Congress and took 
part in the election. Even thus early, however, in the history of 
reconstruction it became evident that the rights of the freedmen, 
guaranteed by the amendments, could not be maintained without the 
active intervention of the Federal authority. The new voters, mal- 
treated by their natural leaders, and left to their own ignorance or 
the arts of adventurers, administered State affairs extravagantly and 
corruptly; and the whites met them with murder, terrorism, and an 
abuse or the forms of election almost too brutally frank to be called 
fraud. General Grant's administration was much occupied with 
these difficulties, and it cannot be said that they were solved. Vir- 
ginia, Mississippi, and Texas, the last of the unreconstructed States, 
were readmitted in January, February, and March, 1870. The fif- 
teenth constitutional amendment, declariug that "the right of citi- 
zens of the United Stales to vote shall not be denied or abridged by 
the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or pre- 
vious condition of servitude," was proclaimed as adopted March 
30, 1870. 

The signal achievement of General Grant's administration was 
the settlement of the long-standing controversy with Great Britain 
over the aid furnished by that power to the Confederacy. By the 
treaty of Washington (1871), the so-called Alabama claims were 
referred to a tribunal of arbitration at Geneva, which found Great 
Britain responsible for the depredations of the Alabama and sev- 
eral other cruisers, and awarded $15,500,000 to the United States 
as damages (bept. 14, 1872). A dispute respecting the north- 
west boundary was referred to the Emperor of Germany, and 
decided in favor of the United States. The question of the compen- 
sation to be made by this country for fishery privileges on the 
British North American coast was notso satisfactorily adjusted. A 
coramisfion of arbitrators, meeting at Halifax, awarded Great 
Britain (1877) the extravagant sum of $5,500,000 for twelve years* 
use of the inshore fisheries by American vessels ; besides which 
Canadian fish and fish-oil were, by the treaty, to be admitted to 
the United States free of duty. Since the expiration of this 
arrangement, the fishery difiiculties with Canada have been renewed 
with many circumstances of exasperation. 

General Grant was ill- served by many of his friends and office- 
holders, and his somewhat drastic methods in dealing with the 
South were disapproved by a considerable party among North- 
ern Republicans. The Liberal movement in 1872 was a protest at 
once against *' bayonet rule " and administrative abuses. The 
President's renomination by the regular convention being certain, 
the Liberal Republicans met at Cinciiinati in May, and named for 
the presidency Horace Greeley, the founder and editor of the New 
York Tribune. In July the Democratic national convention at 
Baltimore also nominated Mr. Greeley, and the strange spectacle 
was presented of the party of slavery and secession supporting one 
of the ablest and most ardent of their life-long enemies. - Mr. 
Greeley had strong qualities as a candidate; his pure transparent 
character, his honesty, and his unselfishness had caused his name 
to be affectionately cherished in thousands of homes; and at one 
time his election seemed highly probable; but distrubt of the 
Democracy could not be overcome, and General Grant's triumph 
was signal. Crushed by private sorrows heaped upon his public 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES LXV 

disappointments, and cruelly hurt by the scurrilities of an excep- 
tionally angry campaign, Mr. Greeley died a few weeks after the 
election. Over his grave all parties united in tributes to his noble 
nature, and in appreciation of the great and permanent ueefulness 
of his busy life. 

CHAPTER XXVII. 

PBESIDENCT OP E. B. HATES, 1877-1881.— ASSASSIKATION OP PBBSI- 
DENT GAKFIELD.— PRESIDENCY OF C. A. ARTHUB, 1881-1885.— OP 
GBOVEB CLEVELAND. —CONCLUSION. 

The Democratic party soon recovered from the defeat of 1872, 
and three years later, with the aid of the " solid South," it held a 
majority of the House of Kepreeentatives for the first time since 
the beginning of the Rebellion. For the Presidential campaign of 
1876 it nominated the most astute and respectable of its Northern 
leaders, Mr. Samuel J. Tilden. The Republicans, after an animated 
demonstration by the friends of Ex-Speaker Blaine, named Ruth- 
erford B. Hayes. The election was claimed for Hayes by a majority 
of one electoral vote; but the result depended upon contested re- 
turns from the States of Louisiana, Florida, South Carolina, and 
Oregon. Unable to agree upon a joint rule for counting these votes, 
the two houses of Congress referred the case to an Electoral Com- 
mission, composed of five Senators, five Representatives, and five 
judges of the Supreme Court; and by this body the election was 
awarded to Mr. Hayes. Whatever cloud may have rested upon his 
title was much lightened by the stariling discovery, through the 
cipher dispatches of Democratic managers, translated and published 
by the New York Tribune, that while Mr. Tilden and his friends 
were making loud accusations of fraud, that gentleman's nephew 
and confidential ajreuts were negotiating for the purchase of the 
canvassing boards in two States and of an elector in a third. The 
administration of Mr. Hayes is memorable for the removal of the 
military force which had thus far sustained republican governmontfl 
in the reconstructed States, the practical extinction of the Republi- 
can party throughout the territory of the Confederacy, and the com- 
plete elimination of the freedman as an element in Southern poli- 
tics. Financial matters occupied much of the attention of Con- 
gress; and on the 1st of January, 1879, the Treasury and the banks 
resumed specie payments, suspiended since the early part of the 
war. The act under which this important result was accomplished 
had been framed by Senator Sherman, and it was his fortune now 
to carry it into effect as Secretary of the Treasury. 

In the Republican convention of 1880 a resolute effort of the 
friends of General Grant to nominate him for a third term was de- 
feated by the equal ardor and good management of an opposition 
which attached itself principally to Mr. Blaine. The prize, how- 
ever, went to Gen, James A. Garfield, and he was elected by a ma- 
jority of 59 electoral votes over his Democratic competitor, General 
Hancoqk. A man of force, of broad mind, of political experience, 
and of high impulses. General Garfield promised to make a success- 
ful President; but four months alter his inauguration he was shot 
at Washington by a disappointed ofiice seeker named Guiteau (July 
2, 1881), and he died after great suffering, September 19. Guiteau 
was hanged June 30, 1882. 

The Vice-President, Chester A. Arthur, succeeding to the vacant 
chair, administered affairs with credit, and was a prominent candi- 
date for the nomination in 1884; but Mr. Blaine's popularity with 
the Republican masses was no longer to be overlooked, and he was 
named by the convention, with John A. Logan for Vice-President. 



LXVI NBW YORK TRIBVNE'$ 

After an exciting campaign, determined at the last moment by a 
sudden change or votes in New York, the Democratic candidates, 
Qrover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks, were elected by a 
small majority. Pledged in advance to apply himself to a radical 
reform of the civil service. President Cleveland was embarrassed on 
entering office by the claims of a party which never desired that 
reform, and which returned to power after an exclusion of twenty- 
five years with an eager appetite for the fruits of victory. It was. 
perhaps, natural thatln his management of the patronage he should 
disappoint all sides. In his annual message. December, 1885, Presi- 
dent Cleveland recommended the appointment of a joirt commis- 
sion with Great Britain for the settlement of the question of fish- 
ing rights. The Senate disapproved this proposal, but after the 
adjournment of that body the President named commissioners on 
his own responsibility, and in November, 1887, commissioners 
from England and Canada met with them iu Washington. 



Among the duties which at the close of the year 1887 still press 
upon the nation are the devising of a just, equal, and definitive sys- 
tem of pensions, the building up of the neglected navy, the defence 
of our exposed coasts, the adjustment of the fishery question, the 
upholding of our rights in Behrirg Sea, the restoration of civil 
equality and impartial suffrage at the South, the promotion of har- 
monious relations between capital and labor, the reform of abuses 
in the civil service, and the maintenance of the policy of protec- 
tion to American industry, from which the manufacturer, the artisan, 
and the farmer have alike derived prosperity. Attacked by the 
Democratic party in Congress, but sustained by decisive popular 
votes, and at last, under free labor, building up varied and thriving 
industries at the South, protection has vindicated the name applied 
to it by Alexander Hamilton and Henry Clay of tlie American 
System. 



TFT; new YORK TRIBUNE'S 

POCKET ATLAS 



OP THE 



WORLD. 



CONTAINING COLORED MAPS OF EACH STATE AND 

TERRITORY IN THE UNITED STATES ; ALSO, 

MAPS OP EVERY COUNTRY IN 

THE WORLD. 



ILLUSTRATED BY MORE THAN 

One Hundred Colored Diagrams, 

TABLES, ETC. 



RAND, McNALLY & CO. 

148 TO 154 MoNKOE Street, Chicago. 

323 Broadtv^ay, New York. 

1888. 



Entered according to Act of Congrress, in the year 1885, by 

RAND, McNALLY & CO., 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, P. C. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1886, by 

RAND, McNALLY & CO., 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 



IISTDEX 



TO 



Maps and Descriptive Matter. 



PAGE 

Abyssinia 51 

Afghanistan 45 

Africa 47 

Alabama 115 

Alaska 75 

Algeria 49 

Anam 39, 40 

Andorra 23, 24 

Arabia 37,41 

Argentine Republic 180, 191 

Arizona 157 

Arkansas 123 

Asia 37 

Australasia 63 

Australia 63 

Austro-Hungary 31 

Belgium 17, 19 

Beluchistan 45 

Bolivia 187 

Brazil 187 

British Columbia 73 

British Isles 13 

Bulgaria 25, 27 

Burmah 39, 40 

California 168 

Cape Colony 55 

Central America 175 

Ceylon 43 

Chili 191 

China 39 

Chinese Empire 38 

Colombia, U. S. of 183,184 

Colorado 153 

Congo Free State 57 

Connecticut 91 

Corea 39, 41 



PAGK 

Costa Rica 175, 176 

Cuba 179, 180 

Dakota 145 

Delaware 99 

Denmark 33, 34 

Ecuador 187, 188 

Egypt 51 

England 14 

Europe 9 

Europe, Northern 10 

Europe, Southern 11 

Florida 113 

France 23 

Georgia Ill 

Germany 19 

Great Britain 12 

Greece. 27 

Guatemala 175, 177 

Guiana, British 185 

Guiana, Dutch 185 

Guiana, French 185 

Hawaii 61 

Hayti 175, 178 

Honduras 175, 177 

Honduras, British 175, 177 

Hong Kong 39, 41 

Idah© 165 

Illinois 135 

India 43 

Indiana 133 

ludian Territory 151 

Iowa 141 

Ireland 15 

Italy 29 

Jamaica 175, 178 

Japan 39 



(33 



1 INDEX TO MAPS AND DESCBIPTlYE MATTEB. 



PAGE 

Kansas 149 

Kentucky 129 

Liberia 56, 58 

Louisiana 119 

Madagascar 53 

Maine 81 

Malay 39, 40 

Manitoba 73 

Marocco 49 

Maryland 101 

Massachusetts 87 

Mexico 77 

Michigan 137 

Minnesota 143 

Mississippi 117 

Missouri 125 

Montana 163 

Montenegro 27, 30 

Mozambique 53 

Natal 55 

Nebraska 147 

Netherlands 17, 19 

Netherlands Indies ... 61 

Nevada 167 

New Brunswick 71 

New Hampshire 83 

New Jersey 95 

New Mexico 155 

New South Wales.... 63 

New York 93 

New Zealand 63 

Nicaragua 175, 176 

North America 65 

North Carolina 107 

Northwest Territories 73 

Norway 33 

Nova Scotia 71 

Nubia 51 

Oceania 59, 60 

Ohio 131 

Ontario 67 

OrangeRiverFree State 55 

Oregon 171 

Paraguay 191 

Pennsylvania 97 



PAGE 

Persia 45 

Peru 187,188 

Porto Rico 175, 179 

Portugal 21 

Prince Edward Island 71 

Quebec 69 

Queensland 63 

Rhode Island 89 

Rumania 25, 27 

Russia 35 

San Domingo 175, 178 

Sandwich Islands .... 61 

San Salvador 175, 176 

Scotland 16 

Servia 25, 27 

Siam 39, 40 

South America 181, 182 

South Australia 63 

South Carolina 109 

Spain 21 

Sweden 33 

Switzerland 23, 24 

Tasmania 63 

Tennessee 127 

Texas 121 

Transvaal 56 

Tripoli 47 

Tunis 49 

Turkey 27 

United States 79 

Uruguay 189,191 

Utah 159 

Venezuela 183,184 

Vermont 85 

Victoria 63 

Virginia 103 

Wales 14 

Washington 173 

Western Australia 62 

West Indies 175 

West Virginia 105 

Wisconsin 139 

World 7 

Wyoming . . , 161 

Zanzibar 53 



INDEX 

TO 

Diagrams and Tables. 



PAOB 



Agriculture, Persons Engaged in 114 

Agricultural Products of Mexico 76 

Angora Hair Exported by Cape Colony, Value of 46 

Area and Population of African Countries. 86 

Area and Population of Asiatic Countries 86 

Area and Population of Central America 174 

Area and Population of European Countries 8 

Area and Population of German States 18 

Area and Population of Mexico 76 

Area and Population of Oceania 59 

Area and Population of South American Countries 181 

Area and Population of West Indies 174 

Barley, Average Annual Product of 82 

Boots and Shoes Manufactured, Value of. 86 

Butter Product, 1880, Value of. 172 

Cattle in Territories, Value of. 160 

Cheese Product. 1880, Value of 93 

Cheese Product in Territories, 1880, Value of 158 

Cloth Manufactured in the Southern States 116 

Cocoa Exported by Venezuela, Value of. 181 

CoflEee Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 

Coffee Exported by Venezuela, Value of . . 181 

Coffee Imported by Europe 8 

Copper Ingots, Amount of, Produced in Southern States 106 

Copper Ingots, Annual Product of 158 

Com Crop, 1870 to 1880, Increase in 104 

Com, Increase in Acreage of 146 

Cotton Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 

Cotton Manufactures per 1.000 Population, Capital Invested in 88 

Crop Productions of Australasia 69 

Diamonds Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 

Diamonds Exported by Cape Colony, Value of 46 

Exports of Africa 46 

Exports of Belize 174 

Exports of Cuba 174 

Exports of Hawaiian Islands B9 

Exports of Hayti 174 

Exports of Jamaica 174 

Exports of Mexico 76 

Exports of Philippine Islands 69 

Exports of Porto Rico : 174 

(5) 



6 INDEX TO DIAGRAMS AND TABLES. 

PAGB 

Exports of Society Islands 69 

Exports of South America 181 

Farm Animals in AuBtralasia, Number of 62 

Farm CropB, Comparative Value of 122 

Farm Crops, 1870 to 1880, Increase in 164 

Farms of Five Hundred Acres or Over Occupied by Owners 110 

Farm Products, Comparative Yearly 112 

Farm Products, 18a2, Comparison of. 166 

Fishery Products, 1S80, Value of 170 

Flouring and Grist Mills, Capital Invested in 142 

Glassw^are, 1880. Capital Invested in Manufacture of 96 

Gold and Silver Deposited at Mints and Assay Offices, 1793 to 1883 168 

Gold Produced from Placer Fields in 1880 162 

Granite Quarries, Capital Invested in 80 

Hardware, Capital Invested in Manufacture of 90 

Hides Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 

Hogs on Farms, Number of 140 

Hops Produced in West in 1880, Pounds of 138 

Imports of Belize 174 

Imports of Society Islands 59 

Indigo Exported by Colombia, Value of 181 

Lace, Production of, Europe 8 

Lakes of South America, Area of 181 

Land, Total Cultivated, Uncultivated and Timber 120 

Lead Ore Mined, Annual Value of 124 

Limestone and Marble Quarries, 1880, Capital Invested in 84 

Linen Production of Europe 8 

Lumber Products, 1880, Value of 136 

Mineral Productions of Europe 8 

Molasses Produced in 1880, Gallons of 118 

Mules, Value of 126 

Orchard Products per 1,000 Population, Value of 98 

Ostrich Feathers Exported by Cape Colony, Value of 46 

Oyster Fisheries, 1880, Value of 100 

Peanuts, Annual Amount of Crop 108 

Plate Glass Manufacture, 1830 132 

Population. 1870 to 1880, Increase of 148 

Rice Produced in 1880, Pounds of 108 

Rivers of Africa, Length of 46 

Rivers of Asia, Length of 36 

Rivers of Europe, Length of 8 

Rivers of South America, Length of 181 

Rubber Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 

Seal Fisheries, Annual Products of. 74 

Seas and Lakes of Asia, Areas of 36 

Seas and Lakes of Europe, Areas of 8 

Sheep in Territories, Comparative Number of 154 

Silk Goods Manufactured, Value of 94 

Silk Production of France 8 

Silk Production of Italy 8 

Silver Product of 1882 152 

Slaughtering and Meat Packing Products, 1880 184 

Sugar Exported by Brazil, Value of 181 

Tea Imported bv Gr-'at Britain 8 

Tobacco Crop, 1882, Value of 128 

Tobacco Exported by Brazil, Value of. 181 

Wheat and Corn, Amount Raised Yearly by Different Nations. 150 

Wheat Production 1870 to 1880, Increase in 144 

Wool Product, in Pounds, 1880 130 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



MAP OF THE WORLD. 




ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



EUROPE. 



Northwestern portion of Old World, and smallest of its grand 
divisions. Extreme length northeast and southwest, 3,500 miles: 
extreme breadth, over 2,400 miles ; coast Hue not less than 20,000 
miles. 



Divisions. 



Andorra 

Austro -Hungary — 

Belgium 

Bulgaria 

Denmark 

England and Wales. 

France 

Germany 

Greece 

Ireland 

Italy 

Montenegro 

Netherlands 

Norway 

Portugal 

Rumania 

Russia 

San Marino 

Scotland 

Servia 

Spain 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Turkey 



Area, 
Sq. Miles. 

i?5~ 

240,942 

11,373 

24,3G0 

13,784 

58,186 

204,177 

212,028 

25,111 

32,531 

114,410 

3,550 

12,648 

122,809 

36,510 

48,307 

2,041,402 

32 

29,820 

18,800 

191,100 

170,979 

15,992 

63,850 



Popula- 
tion. 



Capitals. 



5,800 

37,883,226 

5,655,197 

2,007,919 

1,969,039 

25,974,439 

37,672,048 

45,234,061 

1.979,453 

5,174,836 

28,459,628 

250,000 

4,225,065 

1,806,900 

4.306,554 

6,376,000 

86,486,959 

7.816 

3,735,573 

1,865,683 

16,061,8r.9 

4,603,595 

2,846,102 

4,490,000 



Andorra 

Vienna 

Brussels 

Sophia 

Copenhagen 

London 

Paris 

Berlin 

Athens 

Dublin 

Rome 

Cetigne 

The Hague 

Christiania 

Lisbon 

Bukharest 

St. Petersburg.. 

San Marino 

Edinburgh 

Belgrade 

Madrid 

Stockholm 

Bern 

Constantinople. 



Popula- 
tion. 



1,000 

.103,857 

389,782 

30,601 

273,323 

,7(56,661 

,269,023 

,122,360 

84,903 

418,910 

273,268^ 

2,000 

127,931 

124,155 

246,343 

221,805 

929,100 

6,000 

236,002 

37.500 

397,818 

194,469 

44,087 

600,000 



liENQTHS OF RIVERS. 



Miles. 

Danube 1,725 

Don 1,300 

Dneiper 1,230 

Dwina 700 

Elbe 737 

Kama 1,400 



Miles. 

Loire 600 

Oder 550 

Petchora 900 

Rhine 600 

Vistula 690 

Volga 2,400 



AREAS SEAS AND LAKES. 



Square Miles. 

Azov 14,000 

Baltic 154,570 

Black 185,000 

Constance 200 

Enara 685 



Square Mllen. 

Geneva S3« 

Ladoga 6,190 

Onega 3,400 

Wener 2,120 

White 4,600 



PRODUCTION OF RAW SIIiK. 
6,600,000 lbs. I France 19,149,000 lbs. 



Consumed. 
90,000 tons 
136,000 " 
70,000 " 
35,000 " 
65,000 " 



Italy.. 

^■^^■^^^N- Produced. 

Russia 250,000 tons 

Great Britain 26,000 " 

France 60,000 " 

Germany 15,000 " 

Netherlands 80,000 " 

LACE. 

Nottingham Persons employed, 10,500. Value products, $29,782,980 

The Continent... Persons employed, 535,000. Value products, 28,128,370 

ANNTJAIi MINERAL PRODUCTIONS. 

Lead, Cornwall 70,000 tons i Tin, Great Britain 16,000 tona 

Lead, Cordova 30,000 " I Quicksilver, Spain 1,000 " 

Coffee imported, Europe 270,000 tons 

Tea " Great Britain 140,000,000 lbs. 



ATLAS OF THE WOE LP. 



MAP OF EUROPE. 




10 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



MAP OF NORTHERN EUROPE. 




ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



11 



MAP OF SOUTHERN EUROPE. 




13 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 

GREAT BRITAIN. ~ 

The largest Island of Europe, and forming, with Ireland and the 
adjacent islands, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 
The union of England and Ireland was effected January 1, 1800. 

Area of the kingdom, 120,838 square miles. Pop., 35,241,489. 
The divisions are: England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Capital, 
* London; pop., 4,766,6bl. Thirty-five cities have over 75,000 popu- 
lation. Climate is variable but healthful. Average temperature, 
60°. Rainfall, London, 25 inches; Glasgov^', 21 ; and Dublin, 29. 

Middle-class education is entirely unorganized : no complete, 
trustworthy statistics are to be had. There were, in 1884, 69 univer- 
Bities and colleges, with 88,823 students. In 1881, there were 1,868 
schools of science, with 66,000 students. Number of public libraries, 
202. The library of the British Museum has 32 miles of shelyee, 
filled with books. Number of daily papers, 169. 

Productive area in England is 80 per cent.; in Ireland, 74 percent.; 
Scotland, 28.8 per cent. ; Wales, 60 per cent. Leading crops In 
Great Britain, wheat, barley and oats. Acreage, 1884: wheat, 
2,676,477; barley, 8,159,485; oats, 2,892,576. In Ireland, oats and 
potatoes are most important; acreage of former, 1,347.895; of latter, 
708,942. Number of acres of flax, 89,197. Orchards of Great 
Britain cover 180,000 acres, and produce 85,000 tons of apples. 

The most Important minerals are coal and iron. In 1883, coal 
product was 163,737,327 tons ; valua, $230,270,715. Iron ore, 17,383,046 
tons; value, $25,611,905. In 1883, 1,724,251 tons of pig iron were 
need in the manufacture of Bessemer steel, 1,097,174 tons of It 
being made into steel rails. Over 800 tone of steel are annually 
consumed in the manufacture of pens, Birmingham alone using 500 
tons; the average yearly production is 800,000,000. 

The annual value of the fisheries is $50,000,000. Herring fishery 
alone, $10,000,000; salmon, $4,000,000; oysters and shell-fish. 
$10,000,000. Value of the Scotch fisheiies alone in lt84 was 
$16,431,210, the herring fishery alone being $10,267,755. Total 
value of imports, 1884, $1,948,872,745; exports of home produce, 
$1,164,637,875; foreign and colonial produce, $312,218,575. Value 
of corn and flour imported 1883, $338,111,835. Value of cotton 
manufactures exported was $382,228,785. 

There are 2,674 cotton factories, employing 482,903 persons. Tota\ 
number of all factories, 7,105; number of persons employed, 975,546, 
of whom 110,585 are children under 13 years of age. Men employed, 
38 per cent. ; women, 62 per cent. Amount of cotton imported, 
1883, 1,734,333,552 lbs. ; wool, 495,946,779 lbs. 

Standiug army in time of peace unlawful without the consent of 
Parliament ; annual appropriation of Commons for support of 
troops, based on " estimates " made by the Cabinet. For 1884 and 
1885, home and colonial eftectives and reserves, 644,753, 

Previous to 18l5 there was but little emigration from the United 
Kingdom; in that year the number was 2,081; in 1830-34. 381,956; 
1875, 173,809; 1882, 413,288; and in 1884, 304,074, of whom 203,689 
came to the United States. 

First railway opened in 1825. In 1883, there were 18,681 miles of 
railway; 13,215 belonging to England and Wales, 2,964 to Scotland, 
and 2,502 to Ireland. Number of postoflices, 1884, 15,951; and. In 
addition, 15,749 road and pillar boxes. There are 87,604 miles of 
telegraph lines, and 140,498 miles of wire. 

The colonies and dependencies of Great Britain have an esti- 
mated area of 8,000,000 square miles. Of this vast extent of terri- 
tory, over 3,500,000 square miles are in America, over 850,000 in Af- 
rica, over 1,000,000 In Asia, and 3,000,000 in Australasia. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



13 



MAP OF BRITISH ISLES. 




14 



ATLAS OF TEH WOULD. 



MAP OF ENGLAND. 




ATLAS OF THE WOELD 




IS 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



M AP OF SCOTLAN D;^ 




ji., jg jj^.yj Co. ,7^ 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 17 



BELGIUM. Be. 



je-um. 



A kingdom of West Central Europe. Formerly united with Hol- 
land to form the Netherlands. Independence achieved in 1830. 
Executive power is vested in a King; legislative, in King, Senate 
and House of Representatives. 

The most densely populated of the European countries, Belgium 
ranks eighteenth in area, but ninth in population. Area, 11,373 
square miles. One-sixtieth of the territory artificially gained by 
means of dykes. Length of canal and river system, 995 miles. 
Capital, Brussels. Population, 389,782. 

Agriculture chief industry. Only about one-eishth of territory 
uncultivated. In 1882, population, 5,655,197; average density, 497 
per square mile; 1,160,149 freeholders held 88 per cent, of land. 

This country is very rich in minerals. Over 17,500,000 tons of 
coal are produced annually. Belgium is noted for its flax. The 
chief products are wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax, hemp, tobacco. In 
1880 there were 46,210 horses, 411,551 oxen, and 90,100 sheep. 

Imports, 1882, $570,320,000; exports, $512,780,000. Manufactures 
are important. About 190,f)00 persons employed in flax, hemp, 
woolen and cotton manufactories. Tlie lace of Brussels and the 
fire-arms of Liege are among the finest in the world. The value of 
pig and wrought iron alone, in 1882, was $34,473,260. Product of 
iron foundries about $3,000,000 per annum; of quarries, $8,459,400. 

Roman Catholicism professed by nearly the entire population. 
Education is zealously promoted by the government; total sum 
epent, 1891, $6,503,670. Four universities in the kingdom. 

Total peace strength of the army, 1835, 47,872 men, with 9,000 horses 
and 204 guns; war footing, 227,900 men, 13,800 horses, and 240 guns. 

Of the 2,682 miles of railroad operated in 1883, 1,902 miles were 
owned and managed by the government. Number miles telegraph 
in 1884, 3,713 ; postofflces, 869. 

NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND). 

A kingdom of Europe, established by Congress of Vienna, in 1815. 
Area, 12,648 square miles. Population, 4,225,065. Country protected 
by dykes from the overflow of rivers and the inundations of the sea. 

Constitution dated 1848. Law-making power resides in the States- 
General, a parliament of two housis. Commercial centre, Amster- 
dam; pop., 350,201. Capital, The Ha^ie; pop., 127,931. 

The soil is highly productive; fruit is grown extensively. In 1882 
there were 5,046,210 acres of cultivated garden and pasture land. 
Number of acres in cereals, 1,267,399; yield of grain, 130,470,000 bu. 
Horses. 270,900; cattle, 1,427,000; and sheep, 745,1(0. 

Total exports, 188 1, $313,-330,000 ; imports, $414,330,000. Value of 
butter exported to Great Britain alone, was $21,020,605. Holland's 
merchant marine, 1884, consisted of 701 sailing vessels, of 251,500 
tons, and 96 steamers, of 123,400 tons. 

In 1884, miles of railway, 1,320. Miles of state telegraph, 2,660; 
miles of wire, 9,760. Number of postoffices, 1,281. 

In 1884, regular army etatioued in Holland numbered 65,007 officers 
and men; navy composed of 157 vessels, with 9,462 officers and men. 

Constitution secures religious freedom. Number of Protestants, 
2,469.814 ; Roman Catholics, 1,439,137; Jews, 81,693. 

Returnsfor 1882 gave 2,822 elementary public schools; 11,250 teach- 
ers; l,143private schools; total number of pupils, 557,932. Thereare 
4 universities, 1 polytechnic school, 5 Roman Catholic, and 3 Prot- 
estant seminaries. Total expense of schools, $5,921,515. 
2 



18 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



GERMANY. 



The third country in size in Europe. A confederate empire, 
composed of 25 States, and the Reichsland of Alsace-Lorraine. 
Capital, Berlin. 

Climate uniform. Mean temperature of whole country, 48° ; of 
•the valley of the Rhine, 52°. Rainfall at Berlin, 24 inches. 

About 63 per cent, of population is Protestant, and 36 per cent. 
Roman Catholic. Number of churches, 37,720. Education is gen- 
eral and compulsory. Number of elementary schools, 57,000: 
normal, 332; high. 1,100; technical high schools, 9; industrial 
and trade, 994. Universities, 21, with 25,964 students, of whom 89 
per cent, are German, and 1 per cent. American. Number of 
public libraries, 594; number of daily papers, 560. The book fair 
at Leipzig annually disposes of 8,000 tons of books, valued at 
$8,000,000. 

Every German is liable to service in the army, and no substitu- 
tion is allowed. All Germans capable of bearing arras have to be 
In the standing army seven years, — three years in active service, and 
four in army of reserve; after which they form part of the Land- 
wehr another five years. Army on peace footing numbers 427,274 
soldiers, and 18,118 officers. Total war strength of trained soldiers 
would be 2,650,000; available force of all classes, 5,670,000. 

Of the area, 94 per cent, is classed as productive. Leading prod- 
ucts, 1882: corn, 16,435,620 tons ; potatoes, 17,769,300 tons; beets, 
874,(i54 tons; hay, 17,486,000 tons; 11,500 tons of hops, and over 
85,000.000 gallons of wine. Value of farm animals, Sli4S6,000,000. 
The mineral products of 1883 were valued at over $116,000,000. 
Value of imports, 1883, ^822,724,000; exports, $833,750. There are 
23,940 breweries, producing annually 880,000,100 gallons of beer. 
The annual butter product is 160,000 tons. 

Number of miles of railway, 1884, 22,617, of which 19,230 miles 
belong to the government. Length of telegraph lines, 47,637 miles; 
wires, 170,960 miles. Number of telegraph stations, 11,216. Number 
of postoffices, 13,637. 



STATES. 



Prussia 

Bavaria 

Wurtemberg 

Saxony 

Baden 

Mecklenburg-Schwerin 

Hesse 

Oldenburg 

Brunswick 

Saxe-Weimar 

Mecklenburg-Strelitz . . 

Saxe Meiningen 

Anbalt 



Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 

Saxe-Altenburg 

Waldeck 

Lippe 

Scnwarzburg-Kudolstadt 

Schwarzburg-Sondershausen . . 

Reuss-Schleiz 

Bchaumburg-Lippe 

Reuss-Greiz 

Hamburg ( State and Free City) 
Lubeek i State and Free City) . . 
Bremen (State and Free City).. 
Alsace-Lorraine 



Area, 
Sq.Ml. 


Pop. 


137,066 


27.279,111 


29,293 


5.284,778 


7.67.5 


1,971,118 


6,777 


2,972,805 


5,8.51 


1,.')70,2.54 


4,834 


577.055 


2,866 


936.340 


2,417 


337,478 


1,526 


349,367 


1,421 


309.577 


997 


100,269 


933 


207,075 


869 


232,592 


816 


194,716 


609 


155.036 


466 


56,522 


445 


120,246 


340 


80,296 


318 


71,107 


297 


101,330 


212 


35,374 


148 


50,782 


148 


453,869 


>127 


63,571 


~ 98 


156,723 


6,580 


1,566,670 



Capitals. 



Berlin 


1,122,3«0 




230,023 


Stuttgart 


117,303 


Dresden 


808,518 


Carlsruhe 


49,993 


Schwerin 


80,146 


Darmstadt 


48,163 


Oldenburg 


20,576 


Brunswick .... 


76,038 


Weimar 


19,094 


New Strelitz... 


9,407 


Meiningen 


11,227 


Dessau 


23 '«6 


( Coburg 


15, A 


1 Gotha 


26,526 


Altenburg 


86,241 


Arolsen., 


8,477 


Detm-old 


8,053 


Rudolstadt .... 


8,747 


Sondershausen 


6,110 


Gera 


27,118 


Buckeburg 


6,088 


Greiz 


15,001 














Strasburg 


104.471 



Pop. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



19 



MAPOFCERIViANY, BELGIUM AND THE NETHERLANDS 




20 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



SPAIN. 



A kingdom of Southweetern Europe, forming, with Portugal, the 
Iberian peninsula. Capital, Madrid; pop., 397,816. Thirty-one 
towns have over 50,000 pop. 

Continental Spain has an area of 191,100 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 16,061,859. Number of Provinces, 49. Length of coast line, 
]:,370 miles. Object of greatest interest, ruins of the Alhambra, at 
Granada. This is the only state in Europe permitting slavery in its 
colonies. 

Climate varies greatly. Average temperature at Madrid, 58". 
Rainfall in the Sierras averages from 25 to 35 inches; on the table 
lands of Castile, 10 inches. 

About 80 per cent. •;f the soil is classed as productive, though 
only 34 per cent, is under cultivation. The vine is the most impor- 
tant culture, and large quantities of oranges, raisins, nuts and olives, 
are grown and exported. Leading cereals: wheat, rye, barley and 
com. The wine product averages yearly 320,000,000 gallons; value, 
$95,000,000. Average number of oranges exported, 9tiU,000,003. 

The mineral productions are of vast importance. The Cordova 
lead mines are the richest in the world, and the mercury mines of 
Almaden are second only to those of California. Average yearly lead 
product, 92,300 tons ; value, $8,000,000. Mercury, 1 .090 tons ; value, 
$1,199,000. Copper, 21,300 tons. Tin, iron and (Salt are abundant. 

The national religion is the Roman Catholic. The school system is 
inefficient, though measures tending toward improvement are being 
introduced. At the last census (1877) 60 per cent, of the adult popu- 
lation could not read. Number public schools, 1880, 5i9, 828; num- 
ber of pupils, 1,769,456. Number of universities, 10; students, 15,732. 

Number miles railway, 1884, 5,157, with 1,747 miles under con- 
struction. Length of telegraph lines, 10 733 miles; number miles of 
wh-e, 26,160. Number of postoffices, 2,099. 

The colonial possessions of Spain have an area of 163,876 square 
miles, and a population of 7,991,894. The most important are Cuba 
and the Philippine Islands. Area of Cuba, 43,220 square miles; pop., 
1,521,084. Capital, Havana; pop., 25,000. Sugar, tobacco and cigars 
are principal products ; average yearly sugar production, 520,000 tone. 

Available home and colonial troops, 400,000. 



PORTUGAL. 



Name derived from Portus Cale, the ancient name of Oporto. A 
kingdom of Europe, occupying the western part of the Iberian 
pemnsula. 

Area, 86,510 square miles. Population, 4,306,554. Number of 
Provinces, 6. Length of coast line, 500 miles. Capital, Lisbon ; 
pop., 246,313. Oporto, centre of port wine trade; pop., 105,838. 

Climate healthful. Mean temperature at Lisbon, 61°. RainlJall 
averages 27 inches at Lisbon, and 118 at Coimbra. 

About 51 per cent, of soil is productive, and less than 23 per cent, 
nnder tillage. Not sufficient grain raised for home consumption. 
Wine product for 1882, 125,000,000 gallons; value, $28,500,000. 

State religion, Roman Catholic. The average amount spent on 
public education from 1875 to 18"; 9 was $10,000; in 1884 the amount 
had risen to $966,000. There is one university, established at Coim- 
bra in 1290. 

Number of miles of railway, 1881, 950; with 300 miles under con- 
struction. Number ol miles of telegrapli lines, 2,920; number of 
miles of wire, 7,084; number of telegraph offices, 226. Number of 
poBtofflcee, 931. 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



21 



MAP OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 




58 J8 . ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



FRANCE. 



A country of Europe, the fourth in size. Named from a Germanic 
tribe, the Franks, which invaded Gaul, A. D. 486, Area, including 
Corsica and adjacent islands, 204,177 square miles. Climate one of 
the finest in Europe. Average temperature ranges from 50° at Dun- 
kirk to 62° at Toulon: that of Paris is 51°. Rainfall: at Paris, 22 
inches ; at Bordeaux, SO inches. 

France has a coast line of 320 miles ; the continental boundary 
line is 963 miles. Largest river, the Loire. The Alps on the east, 
and the Pyrenees on the south, connect France with the most mag- 
nificent mountain systems of Europe. The French portion of the 
Alps has a length of 280 miles. 

The republic is divided into 87 Departments. Salary of Presi- 
dent, $120,000; length of term, 7 years. Paris, the capital and 
eecond city in Europe ; pop., 2,239,928. Lyons, the second city in 
eize, and centre of silk industry; pop., 376,613. Twenty-nine towns 
have a population of over 50.000; and 91, over 20,000. 

Agricultural pop., census 1881, 18,249,209. Number of acres cul- 
tivated, 67,000,000. In 1883, 37,039,040 acres were in cereals, of which 
five-sevenths were wheat and oats; total production, 742,176.807 bu. 
Number of acres in orchards, 560,000 ; yearly production of cider, 
220.000,000 gallons. Vineyards, 5,2'*0.340 acres; annual average or 
wine product, 720.000.000 gals.; value, $225,000,000. Champagne 
vintage averages 20.000,000 bottles, 17,0u0,000 of which are ex- 
ported; 1,204,145 acres under beet-root cultivation in 18;3, yielding 
82,230,312,000 lbs. of sugar. 

Commercially the country ranks with Great Britain. Entrances 
to and clearances from her ports include annually over 60,000 ves- 
sels; total capacity, 12,000,000 tons. Value of yearly imports, ex- 
clusive of com and bullion, $870,000,000; exports, $960,000,000; 
food imported, $308,000,000 annually. Value of exports, 1883, $912,- 
340,000; imports, $1,277,340,000. Value of silk exports was $93,- 
402,000. There were 151,404 persons engaged in silk culture. 
Number of pounds of raw silk produced, 19.149,587. France makes 
yearly 25,000,000 pairs of gloves, of which 18,000,000 are exported. 
There are 890 umbrella makers, who annually produce $5,900,000 
worth. Value of fishery products, $21,445,4J^. Average production 
of sardines, 980,000,000; oysters, 380,000,000. There are 83,572 men 
engaged in the fisheries, with 22,345 vessels; total tonnage, 155,670. 

About 79 per cent, of population Roman Catholic; less than 2 per 
cent. Proteetant. Number of elementary schools, 1884, 85,388; pu- 
pils, 6,111,236. Number of normal schools, 163. Public libraries, 
505. The Imperial Library at Paris has 18 miles of shelving filled 
with books. Daily papers published, 128. 

The reorganization of the French army has been going on since 
1872, and is nearly completed. Every Frenchman not declared unfit 
for military service may be called upon from the age of twenty to that 
of forty years to enter the active army or the reserves. Substitu- 
tion or enlistment for money prohibited. In 1884 the army con- 
sisted of 524,797 officers and men, and 130,771 horses. 

Railway system dates from 1840; number of miles, 1884,17,000. 
Number of miles telegraph lines, 46,932 ; offices, 7,523. Number of 
postoffices, 1884, 6,486. 

The colonial possessions of France cover an area of 429,260 
square miles, with a total population of 9,300,000. Of the colonies, 
Algeria is the largest and most important, having an area of 
161,476 square miles, and a population of 3,310,412. Algiers is the 
capital ; population, 70,747. The colonies next in importance com- 
mercially are Tunis and Cochin China. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



23 



MAP OF FRANCE AND SWITZERUAND. 

















a V'^ii^ Iw^telS 2\<^<^-^ 3 § % 

^?t.^ A^ L_2S,/ ^/l\#'^ -525*-^^ " 




J84 ATLAS OF TEE WOULD. 



SWITZERLAND. 



The most mountainous country of Europe. Formerly a league of 
Bemi-independent States, but since 1848 a federal republic. Num- 
ber of Cantons, 22. President elected for a term of 1 year, and 
not eligible for two consecutive terms; salary, $3,000. 

Area, 15,992 square miles. Pop., 2,846,102. The Alps extend 
nearly through the length of the country ; from many peaks 300 
snow-capped summits are visible. Rigi presents the finest view ; 
Monte Rosa, the Matterhoni (steepest in the world), Finsteraarhorn 
and Jungfrau range from 13,700 to 15,200 ft. high. The Mer de 
Glace is the largest glacier in the world. 

The general climate is milder than that of other mountain coun- 
tries in the same latitude. Average temperature at Geneva, 52°. 
Average rainfall at Geneva, 32 inches; at Zurich, 34 inches. 

Bern is the capital; pop., 44,087. Geneva, seat of watch and 
jewelry industry; pop., 08,320. Basel, centre of silk industry; 
pop., 61,399. 

About 59 per cent, of the population is Protestant, and 41 percent. 
Roman Catholic. Education ia compulsory. Number of public 
BChools, 1882, 5,314; pupils, 516,425; school pop., 573,713. There are 
four universities,— the one at Basel, founded in 1460; and those of 
Bern, Zurich and Geneva, since 1832. The government maintains 
a polytechnic school at Zurich, and a military academy at Thun. 
Number of publiclibraries, 1,654. 

The laws of the republic forbid the maintenance of a standing 
army within its limits; but every Swiss is liable to serve in the de- 
fense of his country. 

Of the total area 17 per cent, is forest, 30 per cent, mountains, 
lakes, glaciers and rivers; 51 per cent, under crops and grass. Of 
th« cultivable area only 16.5 per cent, is devoted to agriculture. 
Less than 1 per cent, is in vineyards. Rye, oats and potatoes are 
most important crops. The dairy products are of most com- 
mercial importance. 

Number engaged in agriculture and dairy farming, census 1880, 
1,138,678. The average yearly production of cheese is 40.000 tons. 

The manufacturing industry is one of importance. Latest reports 
give yearly value of watch manufactures $16,000,000; St. Gallen 
embroideries, $15,000,000; silk ribbon produced at Basel, $7,200,090; 
and the eilk industry at Zurich, $15,200,090. There are 399 cotton 
factories, employing 38,500 people; 224 siMc factories, with 23,500 
people; 838 embroidery factories, with 17,200 people; 45 woolen 
factories, with J,500 workers. 

Number of miles»of railway,, January, 1883, 1,810. Telegraph 
nyetem very complete; with the exception of wires for railway serv- 
ice, it is wholly under the control of the government. January, 
1884, there were 4.270 miles of lines, and 10,346 of wire; number 
of offices, 1,271. Number of postofficcs, 807; boxes, 2,081. 



ANDORRA. 



One of the smallest republics in the world, lying between France 
and Spain. Its independence dates from Charlemagne, in 790. 
France and the Spanish Bishop of Urgel have jointly a nominal 
Interest in its government. A permanent delegate has charge of 
the interests of France in the republic. 

Area, 175 square miles. Population, 5,800. Climate healthful, 
but too cold to produce grain. It possesses rich iron mines, and one 
Of lead. Inhabitants principally shepherds. 



ATLAS OF TEE WORLD. 25 

BULGARIA. B5Qlga're-a. 

A principality under the suzerainty of Turkey. Governed by a 
Prince elected by the National Assembly, with popular legislature 
and constitution. Area, 24,360 square miles. Population, 1881, 
2,007,919. Capital of principality, Sophia; pop., 20,501. Three towns 
of over 20,000 inhabitants; 20 of over 2,000. 

Most of the territory belongs to the basin of the Danube; traversed 
by many streams. Soil in general very productive; agriculture ia 
the chief pursuit of the inhabitants. Principal exports : grain, wool, 
ekina and timber. About 1,500,000 tona of corn are exported per 
year. Total imports in 1882 valued at $8,312,700 ; exports, $6,844,395. 

One line of railway, 140 miles in length, extends from Rustchuk to 
Varna. In 1883 there were in Bulgaria 1.325 miles? of state telegraph 
lines. Military service is obligatory. Peace strength of the army, 
17,670 men ; war strength, 52,000. 



SERVIA. 



Ser've-a. 



The independence of this country from Turkey was established in 
1878. By the constitution adopted 1869, the executive power is 
vested in the King and a Council of 8 ministers; the legislative, in 
the King and a National Assembly. Area, 18,800 square miles. 
Population, 1,865,683. Capital, Belgrade; population, 37,500. 

The surface of the country is generally mountainous. Vegetation 
is vigorous in all districts. The climate is mild in the lower and 
level portions, but extremely rigorous in the mountainous districts. 
Of the total area, one-third is under cultivation, corn and wheat 
being the chief products. There are 1,750,000 persons engaged in 
agriculture. Latest reports of live stock give: swine, 1,067,940; 
horses, 122,500; cattle, 826,5.50; sheep, 3.620.750 ; goats, 725,700. 

The imports are estimated at about $10,000,000, and the exports a 
little below that amount. In 1884 there were 200 miles of railway. 
Number miles of telegraph, 1,410, The state religion is the Ortho- 
dox Greek. There is a university of 1.58 students. Other schools 
number about 650, with about 45,000 pupils. 

RUMANIA. Eo„-mi,'.o.a. 

A kingdom of Europe, formerly a part of Turkey. Though under 
the protection of Russia since 1830, it was nominally subject to 
Turkey until 1878. In 1881 it was raised to a kingdom. Constitu- 
tion adopted 1866, modified 1879 and 1884. Government vested in 
the King, an Executive Council, Senate and Chamber of Deputies. 
Area, 48,307 square miles. Estimated population, 5,376,000. Capital, 
Bukharest ; population, 221,805. 

The soil is fertile, and of the total population, 70 per cent, is de- 
voted to agriculture. Number of freehold proprietors, 054,000. Of 
the area, 68 per cent, is productive; 29 per cent, under cultivation. 
Grain, oil-seed and wine are the leading products. Average pro- 
duction of cereals, 150,000 tons. Cattle "and sheep are extensively 
reared. Total value of exports, 1883, $44,130,055 ; imports, $71,981,- 
435. Value of leading exports: cereals, $34,511,400; animals, 
$2,328,490. Imports : textiles, $23,530,315 ; metals, $14,632,880 ; 
skins and leather, $8,748,370. 

Education is free and compulsorj\ Number of primary ^hools, 
2,743; high schools, 54; normal, 8; universities, 2. The majority of 
the people belong to the Orthodox Greek Church. In 188-4 Rumania 
had 850 miles of state railway ; non-state lines numbered about 150 
miles. There were about 3,000 miles of telegraph. 



»6 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 

TURKEY (OTTOMAN EMPIRE). 

The Ottoman Empire comprehends all countries over which Tnr- 
key has supremacy. The area and population are known only 
through estimates, the latest of which give the area as 2,406,492 
square miles, and the population as 42,209,359. The most important 

{)art, that in Europe, was in 1878 greatly reduced in area and popa- 
ation. The latest estimates give the immediate possessions in 
Europe an area of 63,850 square miles, and a population of 4,490,000. 
The laws of the empire are based on the precepts of the Koran; the 
government is in the hands of the Sultan, whose will ie absolute, un- 
less opposed to the teachings of the Mohammedan religion. Capital, 
Constantinople; population, 600,000. 

While military service is compulsory on all Mohammedans over 
eighteen years of age, there are some exemptions, and substitution 
is allowed. Non-Mohammedans are not liable, but must pay an ex- 
emption tax. Number of men under arms, 150,000 ; actual military 
strength, about 430,000. 

The total value of exports, 1882, was $50,828,895; imports, $87,687,- 
400. Principal exports: fruit, fresh and di"ied, $7,886,375 ; wool and 
mohair, $4,330,020. In 18S3, the mercantile navy consisted of 10 
steamers, of 8,866 tons; and 391 sailing vessels, of 63,896 
tons. 

As the Koran encourages public education, public schools have 
long been in existence in most Turkish towns. The Mohammedans 
are estimated to number 16,000,000. 

The first railroad was constructed in 1865, 45 miles being opened 
for traffic that year. In 1882 the railroads numbered 1,076 miles, of 
which 904 were in Europe and 172 in Asia. In 1884 there were 14,- 
617 miles of telegraph and 26,060 miles of wire. 



GREECE. 



Gres. 



A kingdom of Southeastern Europe. Area, including Thessaly, 
but excluding the Albanian territory detached from Thessaly ana 
Epirus, which was added to Greece in 1881, 25,111 square miles. 
Total population, 1,979,453. Almost wholly mountainous, — an im- 
portant element in the political history of Greece. 

Executive power vested in the King, and the responsible heads 
of 7 departments; legislative, in the Chamber of Kepresentatives. 

Athene, capital and largest city; pop., 84,903. Over 82 per cent, 
of inhabitants belong to the Greek Orthodox charch. Greece has 
one university and 2,698 other schools, with 140,776 pupils. 

Main pursuit of inhabitants is agriculture. Manufactures few. 
Of total area, 41 per cent, is productive, and 6 per cent, is under 
cultivation. Land largely owned by a few proprietors. New 
Provinces of Thessaly unusually fertile; annual yield of wheat, 
21,700,000 bushels; oats, 11,528,000. Old Provinces produce 34,000,- 
000 bushels of wheat and 21,700,000 bushels of corn per year. Currant 
crop covers vast districts. Latest reports give 97,176 horses, 279,445 
horned cattle, 45,440 mules, and 97,395 asses. Number of sheep in 
all the Provinces, 4,421,977; goats, 2,836,663; oxen, 200,000. For 
1883, total imports, $27,267,400; exports, mostly raisins, currants, 
and olive oil. $18 571,400. Chief resource, maritime commerce. 

Number of miles of railway now open for traffic, 107; projected 
railways, 435 miles. Land and submarine telegraphs, 3,720 miles. 
Postoffices, 213. Army: peace footing, 30,292 men; war footing, 
250,500. Commercial marine, at the end of 1884, numbered 74 
steamers, of 33,318 tons; and 3,164 sailing vessels, of 239,361 tons. 



ATLAS OF TEE WORLD. 



27 



MAP OF TURKEY, GREECE, SERVIA, MONTENEGRO, BULGARIA AND RUMANIA. 



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38 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



ITALY. 



It'a-le. 



A kingdom in the South of Europe. Consists of a peninsula, the 
islands of Sicily, Sardinia, Elba, and about 66 smaller ones. Area, 
114,410 square miles. Population, 28,459,628. Mean annual tem- 
perature: at Milan, 55°; at Rome, 59°; at Naples, 61°. Climate most 
.unhealthy in Europe; due to miasma generated in lagoons and 
marshes. Has many famous and picturesque lakes. 

Government is a constitutional monarchy. Executive power 
vested in King and responsible ministers : legislative rests conjointly 
with the King and a Parliament, composed of a Senate, appointed 
for life; and a Chamber of 508 Deputies, elected by the people for 
five years. Suffrage universal ; freedom of the press unrestricted. 
Famous rivers are the Po, Arno and Tiber. 

Italy abounds in historic and populous cities. Rome, the capital, 
has pop. of 273,268; Naples, the largest, 463,172; Milan, 295,543; 
Palermo, 205,71-2; Genoa, 138.081; Florence, 134,992; Venice, 129,- 
445; 31 cities of over 30,000 inhabitants. 

Agriculture chief industry, though in a primitive condition ; 87 
per cent, of total area ])roductive; 12 per cent, under forest, 36 per 
cent, cultivated ; 28,000,000 acres in crops. Acreage of wheat, 12,000,- 
000 ; annual j ield, 140,000,000 bushels. Vineyards occupy about 
5,000,000 acres; olive groves, 2,200,000. About 1,2.?5.000 acres are 
devoted to chestnut culture. Italy ranks next to France in wine 
production; average yield per annum, 605.000,000 gallons; average 
annual value of all agricultural products for last 5 years, $640,000,000. 

Number of cattle in 1881, 4.783,232; sheep, 8,596,108; goats, 2,016,- 
307. In 1883, exported 127,003 cattle; sheep, 273,939; swine, 38,668. 
Wool product insufficient ifor home consumption ; import, in 1883, 
20,987,500 lbs. 

:Slining is an important interest in Italy. Value of iron and steel 
mined annually, $4,250,000. Sulphur is the chief mineral product; 
value, in 1882, $9,328,505. Quarries employ 20,000 men. In 1883, 
total weight of cocoon harvest, 92,886,200 lbs.; value, $26,491,665. 

Leading imports, 1883: raw cotton, $18,173,400; coal, $13,166,200; 
tobacco, $2,3-n.800; sugar, $10,633,200. Exports for same year: 
raw silk, $49,712,400; olive oil, $20,150,600; wine in casks, $15,668,- 
200; fruit, $8,685,800. Total imports, 1883, $257,241,023; exports, 
$236,321,513. In same year, 111,296 vessels, of 18,465,381 tons, en- 
tered Italian ports; cleared the same, 110,554 vessels, of 18,367,948 
tons. 

Length of railway, in 1883, 5,651 miles; about 1,410 miles the 
property of the state. In 1879, Italian Parliament passed bills for 
construction of 3,739 miles, to complete the railway system; cost, 
$200,000,000. Number of postoffices in 1883, 3,497. Miles of tele- 
graph, 17,258; about two-thirds owned by the government; tele- 
graph offices, not including railway and private, 1,747 ; number 
of telegrams, 6,454,942. 

There is a universal liability to military service. Total war force, 
2,119,250: permanent army, 750,765 strong; mobile militia, 341,250; 
territorial militia, 1,021,934 ; reserve, 5 281 . Navy, 1881, consisted of 
89 steamers, manned with 15,055 officers and men. 

Roman Catholicism is the prevailing creed; not more than 124,000 
Protestants and Jews in the kingdom. The present Roman Pontiff, 
or Pope Leo XIII., is regarded as about the 263d Pope from 
St. Peter. 

Recent improvements in education have been made. There are 
17 state universities, 4 free universities, 11 superior colleges, and 219 
special schools. Number of primary public schools, 41,423; sum 
allowed for expenses, $6,485,505. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



39 



MAP OF ITALY. 




|85J ^J^ZMcN'.i Co. ,; 



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opi|Wa3hin gtotf 



30 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



AUSTRO-HUNGARY. 



Aws'trO Hung'ga-re. 



A monarchy of Europe. Ranks next to Russia iu size. Much of 
the territory irt mountainous, the Carpathians extending over about 
800 milcB. Four-fifths of the area of Austria is 600 feet above sea- 
level. 

Mean annual temperature ranges from about 48° in the north to 
59° in the south. Average temperature at Vienna, 50° ; highest, 94° ; 
lowest, 2°. Rainfall: on Hungarian plains, 23 inches; in Alpine re- 
gions, 60 inches. 

Austria, a German monarchy, and Hungary, a Magyar kingdom, 
together form a bipartite state. Each uas its own Parliament, 
ministers and government; they are connected by a common ruler. 
Congress, army and navy. The legislative power of Congress Is 
limited to war and foreign affairi. 

Area of Austro-Hungary, 240,942 square miles; area of Turkish 
Provinces controlled by the monarchy, 24,247 square miles. Popu- 
lation, including military, 37,883,2-26; in Austria, 10,819,737 males 
and 11,324,507 females; in Hungary, 7,702,810 males and 7,939,192 
females. In Austria, 6,000,000 people engaged in agriculture, 2,117,- 
098 in manufacturing, and 177,870 in mining. Farm population of 
Hungary, 2,848,868 ; miners, 25,905 ; manufacturers, 766,416 ; traders, 
177,295. 

Vienna, the capital, has a population of 1,103,857. Budapest, 360,- 
551. Ninety-lour per cent, of whole area is productive. X"imberof 
acres under crops, fallow and grass, 67,608,070. Total production 
of cereals, 586,029,352 bushels; potatoes, 365,574,706 bushels; wines, 
178,425,280 gallons. Total number of horses, 3,282,790; cattle, 13,181,- 
620; sheep, 13,093,463. 

Value of exports, 1883, $374,960,255. Chief exports: grain and 
flour, $60,389,350 ; textiles, $55,516,850 ; animals, $48,519,015 ; fuel, 
$38,979,570 ; sugar, $35,086,975. 

Railway mileage, 1884, 12,820. In 1883 there were 32.684 miles of 
telegraph line in operation. Commercial marine, 1884, consisted 
of 9,174 vessels, with a combined capacity of 321,402 tons. 

Army, in war, 1,072,300 strong; during peace, 291,078. Military 
service compulsory on all males over 20 years of age. 

The Roman Catholic is the state religion; 67.6 per cent, of inhab- 
itants are Catholics; other creeds are tolerated. 



MONTENEGRO. Monn. 



-na'gro. 

A small state of Europe; independence recently admitted by 
Turkey. Area, 3,550 square mile^. Population, 1879, 250,000. The 
land surface is composed of a series of elevated ridges, with high 
mountain peaks. Agriculture chief occupation. Main products, 
maize, potatoes, sumac, sardines, smoked mutton, hides, skins 
and furs. Total yearly imports amount to $100,000; exports, 
31,000,000. 

Constitution dates from 1852; government is a limited monarchy; 
executive power rests with the reigning Prince ; legislative, with a 
State Council. Suflrage is extended to male citizens who are bear- 
ing or who have borne arms. There is no standing army ; but all 
male inhabitants are trained for the service. The state could raise 
an armed force of 21,850 men. 

Public schools are supported by the government; education is 
compulsory. Capital, Cetigne; pop., 2,(W0. Podgoritza has 4,000 
inhabitants; and Uulcigno, 3,000. 

Miles of telegraph, 2»); number of offices, 16. 



ATLAS OB THE WORLD. 



31 



MAP OF AUSTRO-HUNCARY. 




32 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



SWEDEN. 



Swe'den. 



This kingdom, united with Norway, forms the Scandinavian 
peninsula. The government is vested in a King, a Council of State 
and a Parliament. Area, 170,979 square miles. Population, 4,603,595. 
Capital, Stockholm ; population, 194,469. The armed forces number 
•172,260 officers and men. The Royal navy consists of 66 vessels, 
with 4,008 men. 

The country has numerous lakes and rivers. In the north it is cold 
and sterile; but the climate, on the whole, is milder than that of 
other countries in the same latitude, and south of latitude 59° the 
country is generally fertile. About 7 per cent, of the land area is 
cultivated, and 5 per cent, is natural meadows. Agricultural popula- 
tion, 2,309,790. Emigrants in 1883 numbered 29,490, of whom four- 
fifths came to the United States. 

Value of imijorts, 1882, $63,840,000; exports, S"0.5iM,000. Chief 
exports: timber, §32,482,290; metals, $11,861,580. Mining is one of 
the chief industries. In 188.3 there were exported 34.319 tons of iron 
ore, 52,126 tons of bar iron, 3,C02 pounds of silver, 945 tons of cop- 
per and 54,423 tons of zinc ore. Mining population numbered 
410,371. 

The state religion is Lutheran Protestant. The census of 1880 
returned 4,544,434 persons of that faith, with 2,^10:^ churches. There 
are 2 universities, with 2,540 students. Education is free and com- 
l)ulsory. The total number of schools is about 9,800 ; pupils, 
660,000 ; expenditures, $2,718,390. 

The commercial navy numbers 3,356 sailing vessels, of 439,932 
tons, and 7if5 steamers, of 87,524 tons. Number of miles of railway, 
1883, 4,000, of which 1,437 miles belong to the state ; telegraph, 5,347 
miles. 



NORWAY. Nor'w.. 



Tn 1814 united with Sweden Into a joint kingdom. Area, 
122,869 square miles. Population, 1,806,900. Government an heredi- 
tary constitutional monarchy; executive power in the hands of the 
King and Council of State; legislative rests with Storthing, or 
Great Court. Capital, Christiania; pop., 1884, 124,155. 

Norway is an agricultural and pastoral country; but, owing to the 
light character of the soil, the products are insufficient for home 
consumption, and one-fourth of the total imports is grain. 

Principal imports are metals, minerals, textile manufactures and 
corn ; total value in 18S3, $44,810,000. Chief exports are timber and 
fish; value of all exports, 1883, $32,261,000. Fisheries employ 120,000 
people and 25,000 boats, three-fourths employed in the cod lish- 
eries ; total product, 1883, $6,757,E00. Merchant marine, 7,913 
vessels ; tonnage, 1,530,004 ; largest in the world, considering 
population. 

Army raised by conscription and enlistment; war footing, 68,800 
officers and men. Armed force to exceed 18,000 unlawful without 
the consent of Storthing. Navy, 31 sailing vessels and 40 steamers, 
with V)2 guns, manned by a force of 915. 

Miles of railway, 1884, 971; 929 miles controlled by the state. 
Miles of telegraph, 5,629; length of wire, 10,075, Number of post- 
offices, 1,032. 

Protestants are in the majority; unlimited religious liberty, 
Jesuitism excepted; none but Lutherans eligible to high offices. 

Compulsory education prevails; primary schools, 6,617; 17 public 
high schools, 1 university; total number of students, 284,035. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



33 



MAP OF NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 




34 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 

DENMARK. Denmark. 

A conBtitutional kingdom in Europe. Area, 13,784 Bquare miles. 
Population, 1,969,039. Almost entirely insular. Temperature at 
Copenhagen, 4.°. Country low and level. 

Constitution, dating back to 1849, and modified in 1855, '63, '66, 
.vests executive authority in the King and his reepoubible ministers; 
legislative, in the Senate and House of Commons. King must be- 
long to Evangelical Lutheran church. The franchise is extended 
to all males over 30, who are not recipients of charity. 

Pop. of Copenhagen, the capital, 1880, 273.323; Aarhuus, 24,831; 
Adense, 20,804. In 1882, 11,614 emigrants left Denmark; vast ma- 
jority of th^m lor the United States. Relatively, Denmark ranks 
among the first states of Europe in point of agriculture. In 1880, 
75 per cent, of area productive; area under cereals, 1882, 2,681.691 
acres; product, 86,706,937 bushels. Cattle rearing increasing in im- 
portance. In 1881, value of cattle, $7,350,395; number of horses, 
847,561; sheep, 1,548,613; swine, 527,417. 

There were exported 84,586 cattle, 72,487 sheep, 2,230,000 lbs. of 
wool, and 253,294 hogs. Total value of exports in 1882, S52,225,300. 
Total imports, %! ',297,280, Army is recruited by conscription; it 
embraces 36,469 men, with a reserve of 14,000. In 1884, navy con- 
sisted of 40 steamers. Miles of railway, 1,106; 932 miles operated 
by the etute. Miles of government telegraph, 2,283. 

Education compulsory; number of schools supported by the 
Btate, 2,940. 



RUSSIA. Rush'f 



The Russian Empire comprises one-seventh of the total land area 
of the globe. The area and population are kuo\vn only through esti- 
mates, the latest of which give the total area as 8,520,637 square 
miles, and the population as 102,682,124. Area of European Russia, 
2,041,402 square miles; population, 86,486.959. Asiatic Russia: area, 
6,479,235 square miles ; population, 16,195,165. The government of 
Ruse'^ is an absolute hereditary monarchy ; the whole legislative, 
erxutive and judicial power being vested in the Emperor. Capital, 
,3t. Petersburg ; population, 929,100. 

The established religion of the empire is theQreco-Russian, which 
numbers 63,835,000 memberSj 636 cathedrals and 41,807 churches. 
The mass of the population is uneducated. European Russia has 
about 375 high schools, 61 normal and 22,770 primary schools ; pupils 
number more than 1,220,000. The empire has 8 universities, witii 
10,700 students. 

Of European Russia. 63 per cent, of the area is productive; 21 per 
cent, is cultivated. Chief products, cereals ; the crop of 1883, ex- 
clusive of Finland, was 1,671,012 tons ; potatoes, 447,875 tons ; to- 
bacco, 119,200,000 lbs. Large areas are covered with forests ; value 
of timber exported 1881, $49,200,000. Value of total exports of 
Russian Empire, $308,898,000; imports, $283,396,000. Minerals are 
abundant; the mining population numbers 392,304. 

The total streui^'th of the Russian army on a peace footing is 729.- 
770 men and 27,468 officers; war footing, 1,876,358 men and 41,551 
officers. The navy numbers 358 vessels, of 349,730 tons. 

In 1883, European Russia had 15,274 miles of railway, of which 
13,670 miles belonged to the state. Number of miles or telegraph. 
65,726. Postofflces", 4,586. The commercial navy, in 1883, consisted 
of 187 steamers, of 138,291 tons, and 2,155 Bailing vessels, of 477,072 
loue. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



35 



MAP OF RUSSIA. 




36 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



ASIA. 



Largest continental divieion of the globe, and oldest known in 
history. Area, 17,-241,533 square miles. Extends from Arctic 
Ocean to equator, and through 165 degrees longitude; coast line 
nearly 40,000 miles. 



Divisions. 



Afghanistan . . 

Arabia 

Beloochistan. . 
British India . . 

Ceylon 

China 

ChineseEmpire 

Corea 

India, Native. . . 

Japan 

Mancbooria .... 

Mongolia 

Nepaul 

Persia 

Russia 

Siam 

Syria 

Thibet 



278,000 

1,000,000 

140,000 

674,2^0 

25,364 

1,537.590 

4,419;i50 

82.000 

509,28 i 

148,456 

362,310 

288,000 

53,000 

610,000 

6,479,235 

280,564 

146,070 

651,500 

Turkey 729.350 



Area, 
Sq. Miles. 



Population, 



2,500,000 

6,000,000 

1,000,000 

198,755,993 

2,822,009 

350,000,000 

371,180,000 

16,227,885 

55.150,456 

36,700,118 

12,000,000 

2,000,000 

3,000.000 

7,653,600 

16,195,165 

5,750,000 

2,750,000 

6,000,000 

16,172.981 



Capitals. 



Kabul . . . 
Mecca . . . 

Kelat 

Calcutta. . 
Colombo. 
Pckin.... 



Seoul 

Governed by Chiefs 

Tokio 

Saghalinoola 

Governed by Chiefs 

Khatmandu 

Teheran 

St. Petersburg 

Bangkok 

Damascus 

( Lassa and Ti- 1 
1 shoo-Loomboo j 
Constantinople 



Pop. 



60,000 
40,000 
10,000 
871,504 
111,942 
500,000 
500,000 
199,127 



823,557 



50,000 
100,000 
927,467 
600,000 
150,000 



600,000 



LENGTHS OF mVERS. 



Miles. 

Amoo-Daria 900 

Amoor 2,600 

Brahmapootra 2,300 

Cambodia 2,000 

Euphrates 1,750 

Ganges 1,600 

Hoang-ho 2,800 

Indus 1 ,850 

Irrawaddy 1,200 



Miles. 

Hong-kiang 800 

Irtysh 1,700 

Lena 2,700 

Saghalien 514 

Tigris 800 

Ural 1,000 

Yang-tse-kiang 3,320 

Yenisei 3,400 



AREAS SEAS AND liAKES. 



Square Miles. 

Alakton-kul 1,300 

Aral 24,500 

Baikal 12,500 

Balkash 8,600 

Caspian 180,000 

DeadSea 400 

Gennesaret 90 

Koko-nor 2,040 



Square Miles. 

Palter 1,600 

Po-yang 2,800 

Tingri-noor 2,800 

Tong-Lung 3,000 

Van 2,000 

Zaisang 1.300 

Zurrah 4,000 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



37 



MAP OF ASIA. 




38 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 

J Ar Arl , •♦ sunrise Kingdom." 

An empire composed of islands lying east of Asia. Supposed to 
have been founded 660 B. C. Area, 148,456 square miles. Pop., 
36,700,118. The population is divided into classes, as follows: Im- 
perial family, 39 ; kwazokli, or nobles, 3,204 ; shizoku. or knights, 
1,931,824; common people. 34,765,051. Tokio, formerly known as 
Jeddo, or Yedo, is the capital ; pop., 823,557. 

The government is an absolute monarchy. The title of the sov- 
ereign 18 Supreme Lord, or Emperor (Mikado). 

Agriculture is followed to a great extent. The chief annual agri- 
cultural products are: rice, 155,629,409 bu. ; wheat, 62,049,940 bu.; 
beans, 10,795^717 bu. The annual value of silk production is 
$20,500,000. The principal manufactures are silk and cotton goods, 
japanned ware, porcelain and bronze. The value of the exports, 
1883, was $35,609,000; of imports, $28,548,000. 

A law went into effect in 1874, by which the government gives 
nine bushels of rice annually to each person over seventy or 
under fifteen years of age unable to work, and to foundlings until 
they reach the age of thirteen. Latest reports place the number 
of paupers at 10,050, and expenditures at $88,975. 

School attendance is compulsory. There are 30,275 schools in the 
empire, of which 71 are normal, 98 are technical, and 2 are uni- 
versities; also, a military college and military school, with 1,200 
students. Latest reports give 82,213 teachers and 2.703,343 pupils. 
School age is from 6 to 14. Total number of school age, 5,750,946. 
Public libraries, 21. Shintoism is the ancient religious faith; but 
Buddhism is the religion of nearly all the common people. 

The first railroad in the empire was opened June, 1875; it ex- 
tended from Hiogo to Osaka, twenty-five miles. At the end of 
June, 1884, there were 236 miles of railway in the empire. There 
are 4,880 miles of telegraph, with 13,144 miles of wire. Postoffices 
were first established m 1871, and now number about 5,200. 

CHINESE EMPIRE. 

An immense empire of Eastern Asia; in territorial extent, the 
second in the world; in population, the largest. Area, 4,419,160 
square miles. Pop., 371,180,000. 

Longest rivers: Yang-tse-kiang, 3,320 miles; with basin, 950,000 
sq. miles. Hoang-ho, 2,800 miles; with basin, 715,000 sq. miles. 

Capital, Pekin; pop., 500,000. Twenty-three cities have more 
than 100,000 population; and 66, more than 50,000. 

The state religion has no outward ceremonial, except a few sym- 
bolical rites observed at New Year. It consists in the study of the 
teachings of Confucius and Lao-tse. The majority of the people 
are Buddhists. Education is almost universal, there being ftew 
adults unable to read and write. The Chinese have had news- 
papers at least ten centuries. 

Value of imports, 1883, $103,071,415; exports, $98,349,895. Th© 
chief imports were: opium, valued at $35,510,260; and cotton 
goods, valued at $30,88S,465. Chief exports : tea,— value, $45,077,135; 
and Bilk, chiefly raw, $33,537,990. The coal fields of China are among 
the first in the world; about 3,000,000 tons are mined each year. The 
mines at Kai-p'ing, in 1883, produced 600 tons per day. 

In June, 1876, a railway of twenty miles, between Shanghai and 
Woosung, was opened for traffic; but the following year it was pur- 
chased by the Chinese authorities, and closed. There are 20,000 
Imperial roads in the empire. In 1884 there were 3,089 miles of tele- 
graph line, with 5,489 miles of wire. 



ATLAS Oi TEE WORLD. 



39 



MAP OF CHINA* JAPAN* ETC. 




40 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



ANAM. 



An ^ nam'. 



An empire of Indo-China under t'.e protectorate of France. Area, 

198,043 square miles. Population, 12,000,000. Drained by manj 

rivers. In January, temperature 41° throughout the north ; in 

.■outhern part of Cochin China, mean annual temperature is 83°. 

The elephant, panther and tiger found in the forests of Anam. 

Inhabitants essentially agricultural. Country rich in metalt. 
Government is an absolute monarchy. Social equality exists 
among citizens. Buddhism and doctrines of Confucius are domi- 
nant. Hue is the capital; pop., 100,000. 



BURMA. 



Bur'mah. 



As a result of the late war veith Great Britain, Burma was on Jan. 
1, 1886, declared a part of the British Empire. The government is 
now administered by the Governor General of India, though the 
country is not yet incorporated with the Indian Empire. The late 
government was a despotism, dependent on the will of the King. 
The area is 190,500 square miles. Population estimated to be about 
8,000,000. Capital, Jlandalay; population, 70.000. Bhamo. on the 
Chinese frontier, is an imporianttown. Education is in the hands of 
the priests, but is very general. Buddhism is the prevailing religion. 

The country is not so fertile as British Burma; but wheat, corn, 
rice, pulse, indigo, cotton, tobacco, and a large variety of fruits are 
grown. The forests produce valuable timber trees in great variety. 
Minerals abound, but are not generally worked. Petroleum, how- 
ever, is quite largely produced . Burma possessing no seacoast, the 
foreign trade is inconsiderable. 



SIAM. 



Sl-am'. 



A Itingdom of Southeastern Asia, divided into 41 Provinces. The 

fovernment is an absolute monarchy. Area and population are 
ut imperfectly known ; foreign estimates place the former at 280,- 
564 square miles, and the population at about 5,750,000. Prevailing 
religion. Buddhism. Siam has no public debt. Capital, Bangkok; 
population, 600,000. There is a smftU standing army, and a general 
armament of the people in form of a militia. 

Though much of the land is fertile, it is badly cultivated. Chief 
products, rice, gums, teak, sandalwood, rosewood, spices and 
fruits. Foreign commerce centres at Bangkok. Total value of ex- 
ports from there in 1883, $8,525,655; imports, $4,783,570. Commer- 
cial marine numbers 44 sailing vessels and 1 steam vessel In 1883, 
384 vessels, of 185,612 tons, cleared the port of Bangkok. 

MALAY. Ma.a'. 

A peninsula of Asia; the southernmost point of the continent. 

Area about 70,000 square miles. Estimated population, 650,000. 
LesB known of the interior than of any other point in Asia. Surface 
very uneven. Climate is moist and hot: temperature on the Mak- 
ran coast and in Persian Gulf, 110°; and at times, 125°. Out of 365 
days, 190 are rainy; rainfall from 100 to l;W Inches. 

Politically, Malay consii^ts of the Straits Settlements of Great 
Britain, 6 Provinces of Siam, and a number of email Malay States, 
either tributary to or in treaty with the above powers. The Straits 
Settlements comprise the Islands of Singapore and Penang and the 
territories of Malacca and Province of Wellesley. Area, 1,445 square 
miles; pop., 423,o84. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 41 



COREA. 



Ko-ree'a. 



A kingdom of Eastern Asia. Area estimated at 82,000 square 
miles. Population, 16,227,885. Climate variable, on account of the 
unevenness of the country; the thermometer at times registers 15" 
below zero. 

The history of Corea dates back to 1120, when the Chinese gained 
possession of it. Seems first to have been subjugated by the Tar- 
tars. Japanese ruled it between 1692 and 1C98, when it reverted to 
China. The country pays an annual tribute of 8C0 ounces of silver 
to the Chinese Emperor. The King of Corea is an absolute despot. 
Capital, Seoul; pop., 199,127. 

Minerals are saidtoabound in the peninsula; but the low state of 
civilization in the country will not admit of their development. 
The country is mountainous, and the cultivable portion small; prin- 
cipal crops are rice, millet, beans and jute. 

Value of imports, 1881, $1,944,733; exports, $1,882,650. Principal 
exports, ginseng, hides, rice and silk. Wheeled vehicles are un- 
known, and there are no bridges over the many streams. Doctrine 
of Confucius the established creed. 



HONG KONG. 



A colony of Great Britain, formerly a part of China. It consists 
of the Island of Hong Kong, ceded to Great Britain in 1841, and the 
opposite peninsula or Kow-loon, ceded to Great Britain, 1861. The 
government is administered by a Governor, aided by an Executive 
Council. There is also a Legislative Council. The chief city is 
Victoria. In 1883 the government sustained 87 schools, with 5,597 
pupils. The total population of Hong Kong is 160,420, of whom but 
7,990 are white persons. 

Hong Kong form^^ the centre of trade for many different kinds of 
goods. Its commerce is virtually a part of that of China, and is 
chiefly carried on with Great Britain, the United States and Ger- 
many. Of the exports and imports only mercantile estimates are 
known; these place the former at about $10,000,000, and the latter at 
$20,000,000. The tea and silk trade of China is largely in the hands 
of Hong Kong firms. In 1882, 28,663 vessels, of 4,976,233 tons, en- 
tered the ports of Hong Kong. 



ARABIA. 



A-ra'be-a. 



A peninsula of Asia. Area, 1,000,000 square miles; length, 1,200 
miles; breadth, 900 miles. Sandy desert comprises moKt of the 
country; fertile regions are shores of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. 
Seacoast, 1,200 miles in length. Heat intense: raiufall light. 

Population variously estimated from 8,500,000 to 15,000,000. 
Claims descent from Ishmael; nomadic habits; Mohammedans in 
belief. 

The pearl fisheries, which are of great commercial importance, 
begin at the Bahrein Islands, and extend southeast alone the Persian 
Gulf, a distance of nearly 200 miles. The yearly produce is esti- 
mated to be worth over $1,250,000. 

CofEee, probably indigenous, chief article of export. Wheat, bar- 
ley, beans, millet, dates and lentils form food of the natives. Rivers 
unimportant. 

Arabia was never subject to one sovereign. Inhabitants broken 
up into petty tribes, each ruled by its own chief. 



42 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



INDIA, in'de-.. 



An empire of Asia, divided into Britisli territory and feudatory 
states, acknowledging sovereignty of Great Britain. Ricnest and 
most populous dependency of the Englieli Crown. Area, 1,383,504 
equare miles. Population, '^53,906,449. 

Government is entrusted to Secretary of State for India; he is 
aided by a Council of 15 members. Executive authority vested in 
Governor General, appointed by the British Crown, and a Council 
of 7 members. Salary of Governor General, $125,000 per year. 

Population dense. The density varius from 441 per square mile 
to 43; the average for all India being 184. Agriculture backward. 
Means of transportation poor but improving. Eight famines have 
visited India, and decimated the population of varioun Provinces. 
Soil is productive; rice, corn, millet, barley and wheat are grown; 
cotton, indigo, opium and sugar cane are largely exported. 

Large quantities of bullion are imported for the manufacture of 
ornaments. In 1884, imports of gold, $27,347,280; silver, $37,042,580. 
Leading imports, 1883-84: cotton manufactures, $125,584,246; 
metals, S25,909,250; machinery, $8,955,740. Chief exports: raw 
cotton, $71,806,605; opium, $56,472,300; seeds, $50,450,990; wheat, 
$44,399,155; rice, $41,816,400. Total imports, 1884, $318,007,480; 
exports, $445,006,975. 

Capital, Calcutta; population, 871,504; 60 towns of over 50,000 
inhaoitants. Over 19 dialects and languages spoken in the empire. 

Number vessels entered Indian ports, 1884, 5,812; cleared, 5,850; 
number steamships entered by Suez Canal, 1,091; number vessels 
engaeed in interportal trade, 103,503. Miles of railway, 1854, 21; 
in 1885 there were 10,832; unfinished, 1,823. Miles of telegrdph, 
Jl,740; messages, 1,799,179. 

Education progressing. Schools, 109,212; scholars, 2,790,783; 
universities, 3 ; governmental schools, 15,845 ; commission of iuves- 
tigation appointed in 1883. 

European and native army, 190,476 men. Native states have an 
army of 349,835 men; 4,237 guns. 



CEYLON. 



See-Ion' 



An island situated in the Indian Ocean, southeast of India. 
Area, 25,364 square miles; length, 260 miles; average breadth, 100 
miles. Climate much pleasanter than that of Southern India. 
Ceylon was first settled in 1505; formed into a separate colony 
in 1798; fell under Britigh rule in 1815. 

By the constitution of 1831 and 1833, goverument is administered 
by a Governor, with an Executive Council and a Legislative Council. 
Minerals abound; precious stones are often found; pearl fisheries 
of western coast are famous. Bread-fruit, cinnamon, pepper, rice, 
cotton and tobacco are among the chief products of the soil. 

Principal exports in 1883: coffee (the least since 1853), valued at 

§6,338,155; tea, $430,000; cinchona bark, $2,105,000; cocoanut oil, 
2.030,000. Total exports in 1883, $16,654,500; imports, $22,643,885. 
There were 164 miles of railway open for traiiic in 1884; 16 miles 
in course of construction. Miles of telegraph were 989. 

Estimated population, 1884,2,822,009; 1.698,070 Buddhists, 493,630 
Hindoos, 197,775 Mohammedans, and 147,977 Christians. The Euro- 
peans numbered about 5,000, of whom 4,000 were English. There 
were 1,703 schools, with nominal attendance of 10-^,109 pupils. 
Colombo is the capital; pop., 111.942. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



43 



MAP OF INDIA AND CEYLON. 




o DefircC'^ii^iiff^i-^n^.A:, 






Jfa3iral..-ia >. .Ca«'npore>^f''^^?\?"^ J)urhunga 

l\^^L^ife^^l Hutlam,^ ^,..,.,a)«,naJ /j'alamow^ XrVhl^aB 



calcutt; 



_ Patri ■'N^Ujjaiu 

.22°l\m^W8dwan/^\,3aronao V*^. — ' 

o^ L77>irai««iu oKampta JBalaaur 

SQrat y^ o tlNagpur _„ 

^^»lpa,,.^^— <;,,,,, -^;'- j);^ 

oAurangalad _, -t .-Kafai y/yf/'//^''^ 
^— , ^ . o Ctianda r> ■ /Ir^ ' /r*^ 

AoAapMr 




44 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



PERSIA. Per- 



she-a. 

A kingdom of Western Asia. Area, 610,000 square miles. Popti- 
lation, 7,653,600. Temperature ranges from 10° to 110°; winters 
severe in central territory; summers hot and dry. 

The government is an unlimited despotism. The Koran Is law, 
"the Shah heing loolced upon as the vicegerent of the prophet. Persia 
has no national debt. Persian army numbers 105,500 men on war 
basis; peace footing. 30,000. 

Soil, in some of the extensive valleys, very fertile. Wheat and 
other cereals, cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco and opium yield well: 
eilk is an important product of the country. Fruit trees and 
vegetables flourish. Mineral resources undeveloped. Diamonds 
have been taken from mines in Khorasan for centuries. Pearl 
fisheries of the Persian Gulf the most extensive in the world. 

Commerce centres at Tabriz. Bushire and Lingah principal 
ports. Imports, by Lingah ar.d Bushire, in 1883, $5,724,665. Ex- 
ports, by same ports, $3,071,705; opium, $1,403,415; grain and pulse, 
$342,250. System of telegraph in the hands of Europeans; miles 
of line, 3,647; of wire, 5,947; offices, 78. Mail service from Julfa to 
Tabriz and Teheran, thence to Resht, established in 1877. 

Capital, Teheran; pop., 100,000. Of total population, 1,963,800 live 
in cities, 1,909,800 are nomadic tribes, 3.780,000 inhabit country dis- 
tricts and villages. Education among the upper classes advanced; 
many colleges are sustained by government. 

AFGHANISTAN. A,.gao>l=-tan.. 

Name given to plateau on northwest frontier of India. Esti- 
mated area, 278,000 square miles. Temperature at Ghazni, 10° to 
15° below zero; at Kandahar, heat in summer reaches 120°. No 
other country of equal area has such diversities of climate. Dis- 
tinguished for the mountain passes, through which India has been 
frequently invaded. 

Government is a despotism. Capital, Kabul. Population, 2,r00,000, 
consisting of numerous warlike clans. The Amir is a military 
dictator, with a yearly revenue of $2,000,000, and a subsidy of 
$600,000 from India. Two-thirds of inhabitants Mohammedans. 

Agricultural and pastoral pursuits the chief industries of the 
people; wheat the most important crop ; rice, barley and millet 
grown. On terraces, 6,000 and 7,000 feet high, all the vegetables and 
Fruits of Europe grow; in the south, sugar cane and date palm. 



BELUCHISTAN. Be. 



oo^chis-tan'. 



A country of Asia lying east of Persia. Area, 140,000 square miles. 
Population, 1,000,000. Climate diverse; in higher parts, extremely 
cold; in valleys, heat is oppressive. Deficiency of water through- 
out the whole country. Surface rugged and barren. 

The soU is unproductive, but has been cultivated until it supplies 
the natives with necessaries. Fruits and vegetables flourish near 
the towns. 

The only exports are horses, grain and dates. Imports: Indian eilk, 
cotton goods, rice, sugar, spices, and dye stuffs in small quantities. 

The government is a despotism. Khan has unlimited power 
over life, person and property; resides at Kelat, the capital, a city 
with a population of 10,000. Inhabitants divided into many tribes, 
ruled by chiefs. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



45 



MAP OF PERSIA, AFGHANISTAN AND BELUCHISTAN. 




46 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



AFRICA. 



A large insular continent lying south of Europe, from which it 
is separated by the Mediterranean. Area, 11,512,460 square miles; 
extreme length, 4,330 miles; extreme breadth, 4,000 miles; coast 
line, only about 16,000 miles, there being few indentations, and a 
lack of good harbors. 



PRINCIPAIi COUNTRIES. 



Name. 

Abyssinia 

Algeria 

Cape Colony 

Congo Free State . 

Egypt 

Liberia 

Madagascar 

Morocco 

Mozambique 

Natal 

Nubia 

OrangeRiverFreeStatc 

Transvaal 

Tunis .. 

Zanzibar 



Area, 


Popula- 


Sq.Mls. 


tion. 


200,000 


3.000,000 


161,476 


3,310,412 


229,815 


1,027,168 


1,056.200 


27.000,000 


394,240 


6,806,381 


14,300 


1,068,000 


228,500 


3,500,000 


219,000 


5,000,000 


38,000 


? 300,000 


21,150 


416,219 


? 35,000 


? 400,000 


70,000 


133,518 


114,360 


750,000 


42,000 


2,100,000 


625 


300,000 



Capitals. 



Gondar 

Algiers . 

Cape Town 

Cairo 


7,000 
70,747 
33,239 

368,108 


Monrovia 

Tananarivo 

Marocco 

Mozambique... 
Pietennaritzburg 
Dongola 


3,000 
i 100,000 

50,000 
? 35,000 

14,231 


Bloemfonteiu . 

Pretoria 

Tunis 

Zanzibar .. 


2,567 

4440 

?120',000 

90,000 



Pop. 



LENGTHS OF RIVERS. 



Miles. 

Congo 2,400 

Niger 2,900 

Nile= 5,100 



Miles. 

Orange 1,600 

Senegal 1,000 

Zambesi 1,800 



LATEST REPORTED EXPORTS. 



Cape Colony : 
Ostrich Feathers . . $ 4,656,900 

Angora Hair 1,359,020 

Diamonds 13,712,350 

Copper 2,270,565 

Marocco : 

Almonds $ 394,000 

Cattle 393,880 

Dates 27,480 

Eggs 156,210 

Gums 244,885 

Shoes 527,420 

Liberia: 

Ivory 1,116 lbs. 

CofEee 250,136 " 

Rubber 133,119 " 

Palm Oil 1,100,222 gals. 



Madeira: 

Wine ....$525,740 

Sugar 165.800 

Bananas 9,680 

Pineapples 2,110 

Sierra Leone : 

Cola Nuts 819,175 lbs. 

Gum Copal 452,196 " 

Palm Oil 250,730 gals. 

Palm Kernels. . .21,624,681 lbs. 

Ginger 1,277,635 '* 

Rubber.... .. 1,084,219 •' 

Egypt: 

Cotton $37,328,905 

Rice 606,785 

Sugar 1,971,590 

Cottonseed 8,482,670 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



47 



MAP OF AFRICA. 







48 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



MAROCCO. Ma. 



rok'ko. 



An empire of Africa, formerly the largest of the Barbary States. 
Area, 219,000 square miles. Population, 5,000,000. Atlas Mountains 
cross the country; rivers lew and small. Atlantic coast line, 750 
mUeslong; Mediterranean, 250 miles. 

The Sultan's authority is supreme in spiritual and temporal mat- 
ters. Estimated yearly revenue of Sultan, $2,500,000. Marocco has 
three capitals: Fez (pop., 80,000) is the chief; Marocco, the old 
metropolis (pop., 50,000); and Mequinez (pop., 56,0(K)). 

Both climate and eoil are well suited to the production of wheat, 
barley, corn and other grains; agriculture is neglected for pastoral 
pursuits. Marocco supposed to be rich in minerals. 

Foreigners control the maritime trade; Tangier is the main port; 
6even others open to foreign commerce. Import of cotton, 1882, 
valued at $3,401,130; sugar, $1,390,240; rice, flour, etc., $1,462,090. 
Exports, 1882: wool, $1,116,850; shoes, $527,420; almonds, $394,000; 
cattle, $393,880. In 1882, 1,050 vessels, of 314,794 tons, entered, 
and 1,047, of 315,559 tons, cleared, the ports of Marocco. 



ALGERIA. 



Al-jee're-a. 



Situated in North Africa; the most important French colonial 
possession. Area, about 161,476 square miles. Coast line, 550 
miles. Climate variable; mean annual temperature at Algiers, 
66.5°. 

Government of settled districts administered by a Governor Gen- 
eral; others under military rule. Civil government divided into 
three departments, each of which sends 2 Deputies and 1 Senator 
to the French Chambers. Algiers the capital ; pop., 1881, 70,747. 
Total popnlation of Algeria, 18^1, 3,310,412; French, «33,937. 

Agriculture the principal industry; in 1881, 2,328,636 thus en- 
gaged. In 1882, 40,000,000 acres in farms; 5,460,000 under cereals; 
wheat product, 559,500 tons; barley, 790,000; number of acres de- 
voted to vine culture, 99,000. Olive oil manufactured in 1880, 5T4,0()0 
Uals. Yield of tobacco, from 20,000 acres, 9,490,G00 lbs. In 1882 
there were 1,027,913 cattle, 5,142,321 sheep, 3,0.56,660 goats. 

Imports 1883, $47,630,790; exports, $33,788,880. In 1883, 4,803 
vessels, ot 1,954,423 tons, entered Algerian ports. Number miles 
railway, 993. Miles of line of telegraph in 1882, 3,645. In 1881 there 
were 619 students in the higher schools; number of secondary 
schools, 16; pupils, 3,561; 916 infant and primary schools, with 
79,201 pupils. 

TUWlb. Tu'niss. 

A kingdom or regency of Africa, formerly one of the Barbary 
States; since 1881 under the protectorate of France. The govern- 
ment is practically adminiBtered by a Minister Resident and two 
Secretaries. The area of the country is about 42,000 square miles, 
and the population is estimated to number 2,100,000. Capital, Tunis; 
population variously fstimated from 100,000 to 120,000. 

There are twelve ports open to foreign trade. The imports average 
$5,500,000 per annum, and the exports $6,500,000. The principal 
articles of export are wheat, barley, esparto grass (used in makmg 
paper), olive oil, dates, wool and skins. Principal imports, mana- 
lactnred goods, liquors, sugar and flour. 

In 1883, 3.768 vessels, of 1,524,429 tons, entered Tunisian ports; of 
these 1,222, of 1,018.538 tons, were French. Tunis h.as about 200 miles 
of railway, and 2,500 miles of telegraph. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



49 



MAP OF MAROCCO, ALGERIA AND TUNIS. 




60 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



EGYPT. 



E'jipt, 



A dependency of Turkey, situated in North Africa. Estimated 
area, 394,240 square miles. Population, 6,806,381. Territory covered 
by sandy deserts, except where tiie annual inundations of the Nile 
render it fertile. Rain falls once in three or four years. The agri- 
Cultural population forms 61 per cent, of the total. 

Egypt is a Province of the Ottoman Empire ; yet it is independent 
at the same time, audits sovereignty is dependent on the will of 
stronger powers, England being dominant. Absolute executive 

f)ower is in the hands of the Khedive, under the supervision of Eng- 
and. Provincial Councils and a Legislative Council advise with 
the Khedive on matters purely local. Cairo, capital; pop., 368,108, 

Under the Pharaohs, Egypt was an agricultural country. It is 
distinguished for the prominent part it played in ancient history, its 
ruins, and situation with reference to the Suez Canal. 

Commerce extensive, consists largely of goods in transit; carries 
on a large trade with Central Africa. In 1883, imports, ^42.984,880; 
exports, $61,549,425. Principal export, cotton; value, 1883,S37.328,905. 

The railway system, 1884, consisted of a single line, 1,276 miles 
long. Miles of government telegraph, 1884, 2,767. Eastern telegraph 
company have a line to Cairo, 455 miles in length. 

Population of chief towns, 1882: Alexandria, 208,755; Damietta, 
34,046; Tantah, 33,725; Mansourah, 26,784; Zagazig, 19,046; Rosetta, 
16,671; Port Said, 16,560; Suez, 10,913, 

The Nile is the only river iu Egypt. The Suez Canal connects the 
Mediterranean with the Red Sea; opened for navigation, November, 
1869; length, 100 miles; number of vessels passed through in 1883, 
3,.S07, of 8,106,001 tons; gro.-s receipts, $13,227,530; net profits, 
$7,172,700. In 1883, postoffice carried 9,587,000 letters. 



NUBIA. Nu'be-a. 



A country of Eastern Africa. From 1821 to 1884 Nubia was under 
the dominion of Egypt, Since the southern boundary of Egypt 
can not yet be regarded as fixed, it is impossible to give trustworthy 
statistics of the area and population of Nubia, The fertile part of 
the country lies chiefly in the valley of the Nile. The climate is hot 
and dry, but generally healthful. Chief products are barley, cotton, 
indigo, dnrrah, dates, tobacco, senna and coflfee. An extensive 
transit trade is carried on with Egypt and interior Africa, in gold 
dust, ostrich feathers and senna. The entire valley contains the 
remains of ancient buildings, the most numerous lying below Don- 
gola. 

ABYSSINIA, (^""r ^■'> HABESH. 

An isolated country of Eastern Africa, consisting of three divisions, 
Amhara, Tigre and Shoa. Tigre and Amhara constitute one king- 
dom, and Shoa another; they are all divided into a great number of 
smaller provinces, Gondar, in Amhara, is the capital of all Ethiopia, 
Capital of Shoa, Ankobar; of Tigre, Adowa. Area about 200,000 
square miles. Population about 3,000,000, Drained by numerou»» 
rivers emptying into the Nile. 

Lowland soil grows wheat, cotton, maize, rice, sugar cane i 46. 
flax. No foreign trade except exportation of small quantities of 
ivory, musk, coffee and gold dust: manufactures limited. Inhabit- 
ants a mixture of many races, warlike and uncivilized. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



51 



MAP OF EGYPT NUBIA AND ABYSSINIA. 




63 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



MADAGASCAR. 



Mad'^a-gas'kar. 



The largest African island; the third largrest in the world. Area, 
228,500 square miles. Population, 3,500,000. Near the centre or 
island, within an arc of 90 miles, there are 100 extinct volcanoes. 
Mean yearly temperature about 77°. 

Government is an absolute monarchy, limited by powerful cus- 
toms. The island has been swayed by the dynasty of the Hovaa 
since 1810. Since the treaty of Tamatave, March 17, 1886, the coun- 
try has been under the protectorate of France. Commercial and 
diplomatic relations established between the island and United 
States, Great Britain and France, in this century, previous to 1868. 
Capital, Tananarive; population estimated at 100,000. 

Soil generally fertile; forests of valuable timber abound. Chief 
products are rice, sugar, silk, cotton, bananas, potatoes, India rub- 
ber. Stock raising and agriculture are the main industries. Chief 
exports are cattle, hides, coffee, lard, sugar, vanilla, wax, gum, rice 
and seeds; principal imports are metal goods, rum and cotton goods. 
Silver five-franc piece the only legal coin; franc is cut into pieces 
for smaller coins. Tamatave principal port; pop., 6,000; numberof 
ships entering her harbor during last six months of 1882, 116. In 
the same time the value of imports at Tamatave from the United 
States was $207,410; value of exports to United States, $257,485. 

Standing army, 20,000. Three-fourths of people Pagans, Christi- 
anity the state religion. Education is compulsory; 1,167 schools, 
with 150,906 pupils, in Imerina, the chief Province. 



MOZAMBIQUE 



Mo-zam-beek' 



A colonial possession of Portugal on the east coast of Africa. 
Area, 38,000 square miles. A few settlements and military posts 
exercise feeble authority over the inhabitants. The climate is genial, 
and the soil capable of producing wheat, maize, tobacco, cotton and 
sugar cane. The chief towns are: St. Sebastian (pop., 1,510), Ibo 
(pop. about 2,000), Sofala (pop.. 2,000), and St. Thiajo Major. The 
forests abound in valuable timber trees; pearl fisheries are impor- 
tant, and the mineral deposits are of exceptional value. The gold 
mines of Manica are supposed to be the richest in East Africa. Ivory 
is obtained in large quantities for the Indian market; annual value 
about $350,000. Other exports are India rubber, gums, oil, bees- 
wax and corn. Shipping trade is carried on by about 400 vessels. 
The capital is Mozambique. 



ZANZIBAR. 



Zan^ze-bar' 



An empire of Eastern Africa, consisting of the Island of Zanzibar, 
and settlements along the coast from Cape Delgado as far as 3* 
north latitude. The limits of the Sultan's dominions inland are not 
known; but, beyond a few travel routes, his authority extends but 
a little way from the coast. The island has an area of 625 square 
miles, and a population variously estimated from 150.000 to 300,000. 
Population of the town of Zanzibar, 90,000; of Bagam'oyo, on the 
opposite mainland, 10,000. 

The religion of the country is Mohammedanism. Christian mis- 
sions are established on the island and far into the mainland. 
Value of imports, 1882, $4,000,000 ; exports, $5,000,000. The exports 
are ivory, cloves , India rubber and gum. In 1882, 85 vessels, of 89,773 
tons, entered the ports. The imports are chiefly cotton cloths, rice, 
cereals, kerosene oil and guns. 



ATLAS OS THE WORLD. 



53 



MAP OF MADAGASCAR AND SOUTHEAST AFRICA. 




54 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 

CAPE COLONY. ' 

A colony in South Africa, originally founded by the Dutch, in 
1652. Since 1806 controlled by Great Britain. Climate generally 
dry and salubrious. At Cape of Good Hope, mean annual tem- 
perature is placed at about 62°. Average rainfall per year, 24 
inches. Total area of Cape Colony, 229,815 square miles. Esti- 
mated population, 1,027,168. Capital, Cape Town; pop., 33,239. 

The government is administered by a Governor, an Executive and 
a Legislative Council and House of Assembly. Colonists are em- 
ployed in agricultural and pastoral pursuits. Ostrich breeding is 
successfully carried on. Sheep farms often comprise from 3,000 to 
15,000 acri'8 and upward. Total cultivated area in 1875, 580,000 
acres. Vines occupied 18,000 acres, yielding 4,484,665 gallons of 
wine. The colony had, in 1875, 1,111,713 head of cattle, 10,976,663 
sheep, and 3,065,202 goats. The principal exports from the colony 
in 1883 were: wool, valued at $8,015,700; ostrich feathers, $4,656,900; 

frease wool, $1,948,025; hides and skins, $2,180,250; copper ore, 
2,270,565; Angora hair, $1,359,020; diamonds, $13,712,350. Total 
exports in 1883 valued at $22,044,490 ; total importSj^ $32,351,955. 

Vast majority of the population members of Dutch Reformed 
church, the Episcopalian ranking next in number. Cape Colony 
has 1 university and 5 colleges; education not compulsory; 71 per 
cent, of children who have attained school age are in school. 

Army in 1883 consisted of 1,614 othcers and men. By a law of 
1878, every able-bodied colonist between 18 and 50 years is liable to 
military service beyond, as well as within, colonial limits. In 1884 
the total length of government railway was 1,213 miles; telegraph, 
4,031 miles. 

ORANGE RIVER FREE STATE. 

An independent republic of South Africa. Founded by Boers 
from Cape Colony, in 1836; constitution proclaimed 1854. Area, 
70,000 square miles. Population, 133,518: colored or native, 72,496; 
whites, 61,022. Annual amount devoted to education, $1,000,000. 
Capital, Bloemfontein ; pop., 2,567. 

Law-making power vested in a popular Assembly of 55 members; 
executive, in President, elected" for 5 years. CHimate salubrious. 
Agricultural and pastoral pursuits the chief industries. In 1881 
lher«were 6,000 farms; totalnumber of acres, 23,592.400; cultivated, 
114,916; number of horses, 131,.594; 5,056.301 merino sheep, 673,9,24 
goats; ostriches, 2,253. There are many rich coal mines. Diamonds 
and other precious stones are found. Miles of telegraph in opera- 
tion, 559. 

NATAL. Na-tar. 

Previous to 1856, Natal formed part of Cape Colony; in that year 
it was erected into a separate colony under Great Britain. The 
government is administered by a Governor, an Executive Council, 
and a Legislative Council. Estimated area, 21.150 square miles. 
Pop., 1881, 416.219; white, 28,463; native. 329.253; coolies, 20,196. 
Principal town, Durban; pop., 16,630. Capital, Pietermaritzburg; 
pop., 14,231. 

•Value of imports, 1883, $8,755,535; exports, $4,158,735. Principal 
exports: hides, $265,060: ostrich feathers, $72,630; unrefined sugar, 
$610,420 ; wool, $8,595,805. Principal imports are manufactured 
goods and flour. In 1883, 328 vessels, of 232,097 tons, entered, and 
326, of 231,892 tons, cleared, the ports. There are 105 miles of rail- 
way built, and 120 under construction. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



65 



MAP OF CAPE COLONY, NATAL, ETC. 




66 ATLAS OH THE WORLD. 

TRANSVAAL. Tra.s.val'. 

A South African republic founded by Boers who left Cape Colony 
in 1835 for Natal, quitted the latter country on its annexation to 
Great Britain, and settled in the territory north of the Vaal river. 
Recognized as an independent state in 1852. Executive authority 
is4n the hands of a President, assisted by a Council of 4 members; 
legislative vested in a Volksraad of 44 members. Area of republic, 
114,360 square miles. Population estimated, 1884, at 50,000 whites, 
of whom 40,000 are Dutcb, and about 700,000 natives. Chief city, 
Pretoria; population, 4,440. 

The country is favorable for agriculture and stock raising. Chiet 
crop, wheat; sugar, coffee and cotton are grown. Cattle, sheep and 
ostriches are reared. There is a great deal of mineral wealth, which 
has been but little developed. The yearly exports are valued at 
$3,000,000, and are principally gram, cattle, hides, wool, ostrich 
feathers, butter, ivory, gold and other minerals.- 



LIBERIA. 



Li-bee're-a. 



A republic of South Africa, founded in 1820 as a colony by the 
American Colonization Society in behalf of liberated slaves from 
the United States. Liberia was declared an independent state in 
1847. The government is modeled after that of the United States. 
The republic has 600 miles of coast line, and extends inland about 
100 miles; area, 14,300 square miles. The population is wholly 
African, and numbers 18,000 Americo-Liberians and 1,050,000 
aborigines. Capital, Monrovia; population, 3,000. The Liberians 
have established churches and schools, and possess a number of 
printing presses. The climate, which is still fatal to Europeans, 
has been much improved by systematic drainage. 

The country is well watered, and the natural resources are very 
great. Cotton and coffee are both indigenous, the former yielding 
two crops per year. The oil palm is abundant, palm oil, ivory, 
India rubber and nuts being the chief exports. 

CONGO FREE STATE. 

The Act defining and constituting the Congo Free State was signed 
by the International Congo Conference at Berlin, February 26, 1885. 
The area of the State is estimated at 1,056,200 square miles, with a 
population of 27.000,000. While the Congo state is under the sov- 
ereignty of the King of Belgium, the latter country or government 
has no power or responsibility in relation to it. The state is di- 
vided into four Provinces, — the Lower Congo, the Upper Congo, 
Livingstone Falls and the Pool, and the district between the Pool 
and Equator. The government is in the hands of an Administrator 
General, under whom are a number of white subordinates, chiefs of 
Provinces and other officials. 

Free commerce, in its widest sense, has been established in the 
basin of the Congo, and for a distance of 360 miles along the Atlan- 
tic. In this territory no import duties can be levied for twenty 
years, and the Powers reserve the right to decide if freedom of entry 
shall be maintained beyond that period. The principal articles for 
export are said to be palm oil, ivory, rubber, gum copal, ground 
nuts, orchllla weed and cam-wood ; principal imports are textiles, 
spirits, tobacco, guns and powder. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



57 



MAP OF CONGO FREE STATE AND WEST COAST OF AFRICA. 



from 25° Qran'ykii. y^ 

J)em Soliman 

2^.1 AM :NIAM\t£\ 
''^ IJrcloruma^ 



loQgitii3e 15 ' JEast 

JFar/ar ^'i 

Ig^Hickory <l. ^, 

P^Grea^Batonga ,<o " 



2( Ja Xa. 



I \i, 



JHembe p . 

Ydnthiit/a^ 



IBolubo / 






o 

«TaTls Statlori ,0' 









jF R E E \ <,\S T -^ E'^yR^ 

1/ej/ Pool \ ^ >> \ 3 aV 

XeopSolilvllle ' 9-C/ y,„w, ««\ 

^ NAVI5AII0N "■ '' ' " 



■I& San i 



si t* 



,^. ^, m 






^^?.S 






LA 
Venguea 



Shiutfc\ 

31 ^A 



.rf«r; 



10X0 



y 



\^ C5>^ 



\} 



h 



iSdWriei 



'itaricla' 



X 









.''i' 



SCAXB OF Mri 

3 50 100 200 

> 7e.,iVe.Y. J Co 
Longitude 



, \\"J JimuKdno I ^^> 



11 )2^ 'WaAlngtJp. 



58 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



MAP OF NORTHWEST COAST OF AFRICA. 



Ii ~i 3 Y •■ JL ^r} s -p. \ *^* 







ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



59 



OCEANIA. 



A fifth division of the globe, comprising island groups and the 
large islands of the Pacific. The divisions are Australasia, Malay- 
sia and Polynesia. 

Australasia extends from equator to 47° south latitude, and from 
112° to about 170° east longitude. It includes Australia, Papua, 
New Zealand and Tasmania. 

Malaysia comprises the islands and groups lying just off the coast 
of Southeastern Asia, and contains the large iblauds of Luzon, Min- 
danao, Celebes, Java, Sumatra and Borneo. 

Polynesia includes islands and island groups between Philip- 
pines and 100° west longitude. Among the most important groups 
are Caroline, Feejee, Friendly, Gilbert, Hawaiian, Marshall and 
Society Islands. 



New South Wales 

New Zealand , 

Queensland 

South Australia 

Tasmania 

Victoria 

West Australia 

Total Australasia 

Hawaiian Islands 

Borneo 

Celebes 

Java 

Mindanao 

Luzon 

Sumatra 



Area Sq. 
Miles. 



316,320 
105.312 
668,224 
903,690 
26,375 
87,884 
975,920 



8,083,755 



6,667 

12,745 

71,791 
50,848 
36,000 
^',605 

177,000 



Pop. 



840.614 
532,000 

36,695 
293,509 
122.479 
915,948 

29,708 



2,770,953 

57,985" 

2,183,974 

2,000,000 

20,259,450 

732,802 

4,450,191 

3,0v^0,000 



Capital. 



Sydney 

Wellington. 

Brisbane 

Adelaide — 

Hobart 

Melbourne.. 
Perth 



Honolulu 

( Brunai 

'( Banjarmasln.. 

Macassar 

Batavia 

Selangan 

Manila 

( Acheen 

I Padangr. 



Pop. 



220,427 
20,663 
36,109 
38,479 
21,118 

291,464 
6,044 

7,000 
20,000 
30,000 
20.000 
99,109 
10,000 
160,000 
45.000 
10,000 



ATJSTRAIiASIA.-Crop Production. 1882. 



Other cereals.... 889,733 bn. 

Potatoes 340,634 tons. 

Hay 862,60S 

Wine 1,496,175 



Wheat 31,763,093 bu. 

Oats 16,430,205 " 

Barley 1,928,595 " 

Maize 5,611,903 " 

Gold produced 1881 $ 30,510,709 

Coin and bullion exported 1882 38,480,960 

Aggregate imports, 1882 310,698,573 

Aggregate exports, 1882 246,407,125 

PHIIilPPINE ISLANDS.-Exports, 1881. 



Coffee $ 9.59,346 

Cordage 137,031 

Hemp 8,889.372 

Indigo 138,958 



Liquid Indigo $ 8,256 

Rice 7,791 

Sugar 12,403,993 

Sapan-wood 58,230 



SOCIETY ISIiAJSTDS, 1882. 



IMPORTS. 

General Merchandise . . . $702,475 
Cotton,copra, mother-of- 
pearl shell and other 

produce 367,975 

Total $1,070,450 

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, 

Sugar 114,107.155 lbs. 

Molasses 193,997 gal s. 

Paddy 1,368,705 lbs. 



EXPORTS. 

Gen. Mdse.Cre-cxp'rt'd) $358,604 
Cotton, copra, mother- 
of-pearl shell, etc 516,583 

Fire wood & cocoanuts. 1,041 

Total f;876,2t8 

1883.— Domestic Exports. 

Pice 11,619,000 lbs. 

Coffee 16,0.57 lbs. 

Bananas . . .. 44,902 bunches. 



60 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 




ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 61 

NETHERLANDS INDIES. 

The Netherlands Indies are by far the most important colonial 
poeeessions of the Netherlands. They cover all the Dutch posses- 
eions in the East Indies, and include Java, Madura, Banca, Suma- 
tra, Bingtang, Billiton, Celebep, the Moluccas, Lombok Bali, and 
many smaller islands and parts of New Guinea, Borneo and 
Tmior. Area of the colonies Cbtimated at 636,329 square miles; 
population, 27,784,959. The superior administration is in the hands 
of a Governor General, assisted by a Council of 5 members. 

The most important colony is Java, which politically includes the 
neighboring island of Madura. Total area, 50,848 square miles ; 
population, 20,259,450. Java is governed under what is termed the 
culture system, which was established in 1832. 

The strength of the total army in 1883 was 30.421 men, of whom 
15,032 were Europeans, and 15.389 natives. There is a military 
academy near Batavia, and attached to every battalion is a school 
for soldiers. The navy, royal and colonial, consisted of 79 vessels 
and 5,029 men. 

By far the larger part of the commerce of Butcb India is with the 
Netherlands. The average value of the total imports for three years 
was $02,500,000; exports, $75,000,000. About two-thirds of the im- 
ports were from the Netherlands, and three-fourths of the exports 
were sent to that country. The principal exports are sugar, coffee, 
rice, indigo and tobacco. Latest reports give value of coffee ex- 
ported, $13,086,790; sugar, $19,625,470; indigo, $1,245,170; spices, 
$lj)2t,720; tobacco, $6,457,680. 

The Netherlands Indies had, in 1882, 3,682 miles of telegraph,with 
84 offices. Number of postoffices, 221. Java has now about 750 
miles of railway. 

HAWAII (SANDWICH ISLANDS). 

Ha-wi'ee. 

A kingdom of Oceania, consisting of a group of 15 islands, of 
which 8 are inhabited. The government is a limited monarchy. 
Hawaii is the largest island; but Honolulu, the capital, is situated 
on the island of Oahu. Population of Honolulu, 7.000. Area of 
the islands, 6,667 square miles. At the last census, the population 
numbered 57,985: male, 34,103; female, 23,«82; native, 44,088; 
Chinese, 5,916 ; white, 4,561, of whom 1,276 were Americans, 883 
English, 436 Portuguese, 272 Germans, 81 French; half-caste, 3,420. 

To a great extent the islands are mountainous, and there are 
numerous volcanoes, several of which are active. The volcano of 
Mauna Loa, on the Island of Hawaii, is one of the highest active 
volcanoes in the world. The soil is exceedingly fertile and pro- 
ductive. Chief products, sugar and rice; but coffee, hides, bone, 
whale oil and wool are exported in considerable quantities. Value 
of exports, 1883, $8,121,200; imports, $5,624,240. 

In 1883, 267 vessels, of 183,316 tons, entered, and 263 vessels, of 
189,494 tons, cleared the ports. Of the former, 195 vessels were 
American. The islands own 64 vessels, of 15,588 tons. The islands 
of Hawaii and Maui are provided with telegraphs, and have about 
32 miles of railway. Almost every house in Honolulu has its tele- 
phone. 

There are numerous schools in the islands; the annual sum de- 
Toted to public insiruction is $95,850. The King is a member of the 
Church of England; but all forms of religion are permitted and 
protected. 



63 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



AUSTRALASIA. 



Aws-tral-a'slie-a. 



Under this head are grouped all the Australian colonies belonging 
to Great Britain. They are seven in number, and geographically 
are comprised in the continent of Australia and the islands of Tas- 
mania and New Zealand and part of New Guinea. Total area, 
'3,075,135 square miles. Population, 1883, 3,091,897. 

Each colony has a Governor, appointed by the Crown, in whom is 
vested the executive power. The legislative power of each is vested 
in a Parliament of two houses. 

Minerals abound in all the colonies. The most extensive coal 
mines are those of New South Wales, the product of which in 1884 
was 2,521,457 tons; value, $6,009,705. Gold product of the colony, 
1883, 12^,256 ounces; value, $1,705,620. Coal product of New Zea- 
land, 1883, 421,764 tons. Gold discovered 1857. Value of total ex- 
ports to March, 1884, $203 535,370. In Queensland, tin, copper, lead 
and coal are mined. Value of tin raised, 1883, $2,940,060. Gold 
discovered 1858. Product, 1882, 230,090 oz.; value, $4,148,275. The 
chief mineral of South Australia is copper, but valuable iron ores 
also exist. Valne of copper and copper ore, 1883, $1,876,625. Tas- 
mania is rich in iron, tin and coal. Value of tin exported, 1883, 
$1,882,230. Amount of gold produced, 46,577 oz.; value, $882,210. 
In 1851 gold was discovered in Victoria. Total product to 1883, 
52,214,150 oz. ; value, $1,044,283,000. Principal minerals of Western 
Australia are copper, lead and coal. 

Principal agricultural products of the colonies : Wheat product of 
New South Wales, 1884, 4,345.437 bushels ; corn, 4,5:i8,604 bushels ; 
sugar, 35,220,640 lbs. ; wine, 589,604 gallons. New Zealand— W^heat, 
9,827,136 bushels; oats, 9,231,339 bushels. Leading grain crop of 
Queensland, corn. Yield of sugar, 1883, 73,534,000 lbs.; cotton, 70,- 
020 lbs. South Australia— Wheat, 14,649.230 bushels; wine, 430,520 
gallons. Principal products of Tasmania, grain, hops and fruit; 
value of green and preserved fruits exported 1883, $881,120. Wheat 
product of Victoria, 1884, 15,570,245 bushels; oats, 4,717,624 bushels; 
barley, 1,069,803 bushels; potatoes, 161,088 tons; hay, 433,143 tons. 

The following table shows the number of farm animals in the col- 
onies in 1884 : 



Colonies. 


Sheep. 


Cattle. 


Horses. 


Pigs. 


New South Wales 


34,000,000 
14,056,266 
9,308,911 
6,677,067 
1,831,069 
10,739,021 
1.547,061 


1,646,753 
698,637 

4,266,172 
319,620 
130,525 

1,297,546 
71,102 


326,964 
161,736 
253,116 
164,360 

26,840 
286 779 

37,111 


189,050 


New Zealand 


200,083 


Queensland 


51,796 


Tasmania 


55,774 


Victoria 


233,525 


Western Auitralia 





Value of total exports and imports of the colonies, 1883: New 
South Wales— Exports, $99,430,090; imports, $104,800,785. New 
Zealand— Exports, $35,479,995; imports, $39,870,190. Queensland- 
Exports, $26,383,040; imports, $31,166,755. South Australia— Ex- 
ports. $24,417,305; Imports, $31,550,275. Tasmania— Exports, $8,657,- 
995; Imports, $9,163,185. Victoria— Exports, $81,994,315; imports, 
$88,719,230. Western Australia — Exports, $2,235,050; imports, 
$2,584,230. 

In 1883, New South Wales had 1,320 miles of railway, and 597 under 
construction; New Zealand, 1,486 miles; Queensland, 1,038 miles, 
aryl 454 under construction; South Australia, 990.75 miles, and 226 
under construction; Tasmania, 167 miles, and 207 under construc- 
tion; Victoria, 1,562 miles, and 130 under construction; Western 
Australia, 55 miles, aod 68 under construction. 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



63 



MAP OF AUSTRALASIA. 




64 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 

NORTH AMERICA. 

Northern and largest division of Western Continent, separated 
from South America by Gulf of Mexico, and connected with it by 
Isthmus of Panama. 

Area, 8,918,346 square miles • extends from Arctic Ocean to about 
8° north latitude ; extreme width, over 3,000 miles. Eastern coast 
line to southern extremity of Mexico, about 13,000 miles; western, 
about 11,000 miles. Has remarkable lake and river systems: the 
latter includes the Mississippi and its tributaries, whose combined 
navigable length is about 40,000 miles, and it is estimated that the 
great lakes contain a third of all fresh waters on the globe. The 
political divisions are C4reenland, Iceland, Dominion of Canada, 
Newfoundland, United States, Central America and Mexico. 

Extent in latitude results in great variety of climate, while the 
Gulf of Mexico and surrounding oceans furnish to most localities 
abundant moisture. 

Ottawa, capital of Dominion of Canada, and great lumber depot: 
pop., 27,412; St. Johns, capital of Newfoundland, and easternmost 
seaport of North America; pop., 22,583. Number lighthouses in 
United States, Canada and Spanish America, 1,127. 

Record of great fires: New York, 1835; loss $29,199,000. San 
Francisco, 1851; loss, 2,500 blocks. Chicago, 1871; loss, $160,594,- 
500. Boston, 1872; loss, $72,997,500. 

Rich soil and excellent tillage combine to produce abundant food 
supply for home consumption and foreign export. Tobacco, cotton, 
woods, dye-stuffs, grain, flour, meat, eggs and butter are among 
the supplies exported. Value of grain crops. United States and 
Canada, $1,114,428,500. Annual import of fruit in United States 
since 1871, 6 lbs. per inhabitant. 

Canada has 900,000,000 acres forest; income, $58,398,000. United 
Statee, 560,000,000 acres ; income, $374,720,500. Mexico and Central 
America are rich in mahogany and dye-stuffs. Number acres forest 
felled daily by United States wood-cutters, 10,000 •annual consump- 
tion of firewood. United States and Canada, 1,550,000,000 cubic feet; 
number saw-mills, 1882, 15,740. 

Nearly every variety of mirprals abundant ; iron widely diffused. 
Copper especially plentiful in region of great lakes ; gold and silver 
in mountain regions of both sides of continent; lead abundant in 
central United States ; quicksilver, in California and Mexico, coal 
fields numerous, and supply almost inexhaustible ; salt also widely 
distributed. Annual consumpiion of coal in United States and 
Canada, 72,000,000 tons ; gold production, 1830-1880, United States 
and Spanish America, 4,262 tons. 

Lakes and rivers well stocked with fish; coast fisheries productive 
and profitable, especially on banks of Newfoundland, and along 
coasts of Washington and Oregon. Newfoundland has a world- 
wide reputation for cod fisheries, and seal fisheries rank next in 
importance. Average annual catch of cod, about 1 ,500,000 quintals ; 
number seals taken yearly, about 600,000; of herring, about 175,000 
bbls. Value fisheries of United States and Canada, $16,546,100,000. 

Population, over 60,000,000, Mexico numbering 10,046,872, and 
Canada, 4,324,810. 

Greenland and Iceland are Danish colonies. Canada and New- 
foundland belong to Great Britain. Executive power of Canada 
vested in the Governor General, a representative of the Qaeen; 
legislative power exercised by a Senate and House of Commons, 
each Province having its'own Lieutenant Governor and legislature. 
Public affairs of Newfoundland managed by governor, executive 
council, and legislative assembly. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



65 



MAP OF NORTH AME RICA, 

1 TXoagitude West from Greeuwich.o / 



Jjoo ,c,0 






^isi 











»^^ 


















jiL'J •^~~--*—— Austin o 







66 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



ONTARIO. 



On-ta're-o. 



The most populous Province of the Dominion of Canada; estab- 
lished in 1867. Previous to 1791 formed part of the Province of 
Quebec ; from 1791 to 1840 known as Upper Canada ; in 1840 re- 
•united with Quebec, under the name of Canada. 

Area, census of 1881, 101,733 square miles. Total land occupied, 
19.259,909 acres; improved, 11,294,109 acres, of which 8,370,266 acres 
were under crops ; 2,619,038 acres in pasture, and 304,805 acres in 
gardens and orchards. 

Temperature at Toronto: winter, 4.8° to 62.5°; summer, 38.7'* to 
92.7° ; mean temperature, 44.16°. Rainfall at Toronto, 28.43 inches. 

The surface of the country is diversified by numerous lakes and 
rivers. The agricultural resources are very great, and the mineral 
wealth varied and rich. 

Public afi'airs are administered by a Lieutenant Governor, assisted 
by an Executive Council of 6, aud a House of Assembly of 89 mem- 
bers. Capital, Toronto; pop., 86,415. Ottawa, the capital of the 
Dominion; pop., 27,412. Ontario sends 24 members to the Dominion 
Senate, 

Agricultural products, 1881: wheat, 27,406,091 bushels; barley, 
14,279,841 bushels; oats, 40,209,929 bushels; rye, 1,598,871 bushels; 
peas and beans, 9,434,872 bushels; buckwheat, 841,649 bushels; 
corn, 8,096.782 bushels; potatoes, 18,994,559 bushels; turnips, 33,- 
a56.721 bushels; other root crops, 6,479,222 bushels; hay, 2,038,659 
tons; grass and clover seed, 173,219 bnshels; flaxseed, 38,208 bush- 
els ; tobacco, 160,251 pounds ; hops, 615,967 pounds. 

Latest reported orchard products: apples, 11,400,517 bushels; 
grapes, 3,697.555 pounds; other fruits, 644,707 bushels. 

Amount of butter produced on farms, 54,862,365 pounds; cheese, 
1,701,721 pounds; wool, 6,013.216 pounds; cloth, flannel and linen, 
1,440,199 yards. Maple sugar produced 1881, 4.169,706 pounds; 
honey, 1,197,628 pounds; flax and hemp, 1,073,197 pounds. Value of 
fur product, S129,578. 

Nimiber of farm animals in the Province, 1881 : horses, 590,298 ; 
oxen, 23,263 ; milch cows and other cattle, 1,678,904 ; sheep, 1,359,- 
178; swine, 700,922. 

Latest reported timber product : white pine, 12,262,570 cu. ft. ; 
red pine, 1,848,927 cu. ft.; oak, 5,448,263 cu. ft.; tamarack 1,515,360 
cu. ft.; walnut, 741,431 cu. ft.; birch and maple, 618,760 cu. ft.; 
elm, 2.925,382 cu. ft.; all other timber, 26,577,869 cu. ft,; number of 
pine logs, 14,945.670; other logs, 7,621,610. 

The Province has 259 steam vessels, with a tonnage of 44,550 ; and 
289 sailing vessels, with a tonnage of 55,058. There are 5 vessels 
with 14 men, and 1,129 boats with 2,101 men and 928,008 fathoms of 
nets engaged in the 681 fisheries. Product for 1881 : herring, 15,605 
barrels; whitefish, 38,301 barrels; trout, 55,497 barrels; other fish, 
18,817 barrels; fish oil, 1,629 gallons. 

Population of the Province, 1881, 1,923,228; male, 976,461 ; female, 
946,767. 

Number of churches, 5,075: of which 2,375 are Methodist, 852 
Presbyterian, 680 Church of England, 389 Baptist, and 367 Roman 
Catholic. There are 21 hospitals, and 22 orphanages. Number of 
colleges and universities, 17 ; boarding schoolS; 44. 

There is an excellent system ol free schools under the control of a 
Minister of Education and a Chief Superintendent, School pop., 
405,857. Number of high schools, public and private, 410; public 
elementary schools, 5,313. Number miles of railway in the Prov- 
ince, 5.228. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



67 



MAP OF ONTARIO. 




68 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



QUEBEC. 



Kwe-bek' . 



One of the most important of the Canadian Provinces. Earliest 
Bettlement made by Europeans, iu 1541; first permanent settlement 
made by the French on the present site of the city of Quebec, 1608. 
Country occupied by the French until 1759, when, through the victory 
of Gen. Wolfe, it fell into the hands of the English. 

Area, census of 1881, 188,t)88 square miles. Total amount of land 
occupied, 12,625,877 acres; improved, 6,4l0,264acree, of which 4,147,- 
984 were under crop, 2,"207',422 in pasture, and 54,858 in gardens and 
orchards. Population, 1,359,027: male, 678,175; female, 680,852. 

While the climate is similar to that of Ontario, it is colder In 
winter, and warmer in summer. At Montreal the winters are very 
severe, the temperature often ranging from zero to 10° and even 30* 
below it, and iu summer it is frequently 90° in the shade. 

Public affairs are administered by a Lieutenant Governor, assisted 
by an Executive Council, a Legislative Council of r24 members, and 
a Legislative Assembly of 65 members. The Province sends 24 
members to the Dominion Senate. Quebec is the capital ; popula- 
tion, 62,446. Montreal the commercial metropolis of the Provmce, 
and also of the Dominion ; population, 140,747. 

The surface of the country is varied, consisting of extensive for- 
ests, large rivers, lakes and prairies, and bold, rocky heights. The 
Province abounds in numerous minerals. 

Agricultural products for 1881 : wheat, 2,019,004 bushels ; barley, 
1,751,539 bushels ; oats, 19,990,205 bushels; rye, 430,243 bushels; 
peas and beans, 4,170,4.56 bushels; buckwheat, 2,041,670 bushels; 
corn, 88-*,169 bushels; potatoes, 14,873,287 bushels; turnips, 1.572-. 
476 bushels; hay, 1,612,104 tons; grass and clover seed, 119,306 
bushels; tobacco, 2,356,581 pounds ; hops, 218,542 pounds. 

This Province produces three times as much maple sugar as all the 
others combined; total amount produced 1881, 15,687.835 pounds; 
amount of honey produced, 559,024 pounds ; apples, 777,557 bushels; 
grapes, 158,031 pounds. Value of fur product, $lh3,310. Butter 
produced on farms, 1381, 30,630,397 pounds; cheese, 559,278 pounds; 
wool, 2,731.544 pounds; cloth and flannel, 2,958,180 yards; flax and 
hemp, &155,310 pounds; linen, l,li0,301 yards. 

Farm animals in the Province, 1881 : horses, 273,852; oxen, 49,237; 
milch cows and other cattle, 900,096; sheep, 8b9,833; swine, 329,199. 

Public instruction is under a Superintendent of Education. School 
pop., 209,6:23. Number of elementary public schools, 4,404 ; pupils, 
170,858; colleges, 44; academies, 246 ; special schools, 18 ; normal, 3; 
model, 333. 

The forests are extensive, and the lumbering and shipbuilding 
Interests are large. Timber product, 1881: pine, 5,495,183 cu. ft.; 
oak, 59,587 cu. ft.; tamarack, 2,707,745 cu. ft.; birch and maple, 
2,784,395 cu. ft. ; all other timber, 14,612,669 cu. ft. Number of logs 
produced, 13,582,407; masts and spars, lu4,248. 

There are in the Province 293 eteam vessels; tonnage, 132,097: 757 
Bailing vessels; tonnage, 110,356. The fisheries furnish employment 
to 14,744 men; there are 146 vessels and 6,761 boats engaged in this 
industry. Products of the fisheries, 1881: cod, 462,388 quintals; 
herring, 130,354 barrels; mackerel, 10,725 barrels; sardines, 4,360 
barrels; canned lobsters, 617,734 pounds; all other fish, 1U1,861 bar- 
rels; fish oil, 263,374 barrels. 

The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. The number adhering 
to that faith is 1,170,718, or about seven-eighths of the entire popu- 
lation. Number of churches in the Province, 1,280, of which 712 
are Roman Catholic. Number of hospitals, 39; orphanages, 11. 
There are 1,911 miles of railway. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 
MAP OF QUEBEC. 



69 




70 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 

NOVA SCOTIA. No'vaSko'8he-a. 

A Province of the Dominion of Canada, created in 1784; be- 
came part of the Dominion, 1867. Area, 20,907 square miles. Pop- 
nlation, 1881, 440,572. Executive authority vested In Lieutenant 
Gpvernor and Executive Council; h gislative, in Legislative Council 
and House of Assembly. 

Capital, Halifax; pop., 86,100. Capital of Cape Breton Island, 
Sydney. Soil generally fertile. Principal products are wheat, rye, 
oats, barley, potatoes and Indian corn. Grain product, 1880, 5,570,- 
444Du6hel8; potatoes, 6,961,016 busheli?; hay, 414 046 tons. Timber 
product, 1881, 3,144,323 cubic feet. Fisheries employ 755 vessels, 
13,214 boats and 26,900 men; latest reports give 715,781 quintals or 
cod, haddock and hake; other fish, 301,756 barrels; lobsters, 8,841,- 
467 lbs. ; fish oil, 275,352 gallons. 

There is a good system of common schools, organized in 1864. 
Annual expenditure for educational purposes, about $700,000. 
Miles of railway, 500; many short canals. 

NEW BRUNSWICK. 

Settled by French, 1639, and formed with Nova Scotia part of 
Arcadia. First British settlers came from Scotland, 1764. Province 
created 1784; became part of the Dominion, 1867. 

Government vested in a Lieutenant Governor, an Executive, a 
Legislative Council and a House of Assembly. Area, 27,174 square 
miles. Population, 321,233. Capital, Fredericton; pop., 6,218. 

Climate subject to extremes; temperature in winter, 80°; in sum- 
mer, 95°. Soil exceedingly fertile. In 1881, acres in crops, 849,678; 
in pasture, 392,169. Products: grain, 5,490,896 bnehele ; potatoes, 
6,961,016; hay, 414,046 tons. In 1881, \v^ jl product, 760,631 pounds. 
The number of horses in 1881 was 52,975; oxen, 8,812; horned cat- 
tle, 203,748; sheep, 221,163; swine, 53,087. 

There is a good system of non-sectarian free schools in the 
Province. Telegraphic and railway communication throughout 
the Province. Number miles of railway, 1,148. 

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 

A Province of the Dominion of Canada, in the Gulf of St. Law- 
rence. First settled by the French, who ceded it to Great Britain 
In 1758. Province created 1768; admitted into the Dominion, 1873. 
Area, 27,174 square miles. Total land occupied, 1,126,653 acres ; 
Improved, 596,731 acres ; under crops, 467,211 acres. 

Climate milder than that of the adjoining continent. All ordi- 
nary cereals may be cultivated. Grain product, 1881: 4,301,110 
bu.; potatoes, 6,042,191 bu. ; turnips, 1,198,407 bu.; butter, 1,688,690 
pounds ; cheese, 196,273 pounds. Farm animals, 328,734. 

Population, 108,891: male, 54,729 ; female, 54,162. Capital, Char- 
lottetown; population, 11,485. 

The government is vested in a Lieutenant Governor, an Execu- 
tive and a Legislative Council and a House of Assembly. 

The fisheries are very valuable. Products, 1881 : cod, 18,736 quin- 
tals ; herring, 21,501 bbls; mackerel, 91,792 bbls; canned lobsters, 
3,275,316 lbs; oysters, 175,408 bbls; fish oil, 8,139 gals. 

The Province owns 11 steam vessels, and 224 sailing vessels, 
with a tonnage of 45,237. Timber product, 1881, 910,200 cu. ft. 

Number of churches, 231. Free school system introduced 1853. 
School population, 22,711. Number of district schools, 355; gram- 
mar, 15; high, 46; colleges, 8. Number of miles of railway, 300. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



71 



MAP OF NEW BRUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA. 




72 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 

MANITOBA. Man.,.to..a. 

A Province of the Dominion of Canada, formerly known as the 
Red River Settlement, and also Assiniboia; admitted into the Con- 
federation in 18TO. Area, 123,200 square miles. Population, 65.954. 
The climate is healthful and cold; average summer temperature, 
65° ; winter, 3° below zero. 

Government is in the hands of a Lieutenant Governor, appointed 
hy the Governor General of the Dominion, with an Kxecutive Coun- 
cil of 6 members and a Legislative Assembly. Manitoba sends 3 
Senators to the Dominion Senate. Capital, Winnipeg; pop., 7,985. 

Surface level. Laud occupied, 2,384.337 acres; improved, S50.416 
acres; under crops, 230,2H4 acres. Principal crop, wheat; latest 
reported product, 1,033,673 bu.; oats, 1,270,268 bu.; barley, 253,604 
bu. Farm animals, 1881: horses, 16,739; oxen, 12,269; milch cows 
and other cattle, 48,012. Butter made on farms, 957,152 lbs ; cheese, 
19,613 lbs. Timber produced, 895,445 cu. ft. 

The Canadian Pacific Railway has 670 miles in the Province. 
There are 4 colleges and 5 boarding schools. No. of churches, 88. 

NORTHWEST TERRITORIES. 

This large possession was purchased by the Dominion from the 
Hudson's Ba/ Company in 1870. In 1882 a portion of it was sub- 
divided into four districts : Assiniboia, 95,000 square miles ; Sas- 
katchewan, 114,000 square miles; Alberta, 100,000 square miles; 
Athabasca, 122,000 square miles. 

Area of the Territories, 2,665,2.'2 square miles. Total land occu- 
pied, 314,107 acres, of which 28.833 acres are improved. Furs from 
this country are found in every market of the world ; value of the 
product for 1881, $428,177. Timber product, 109,873 cu. ft. 

The country is well watered by numerous large lakes and rivers. 
There are at least 600,000 square miles fitted for agriculture. One of 
the most fertile belts is the Saskatchewan, through a portion of 
•which the Canadian Pacific Railway passes. 

Public affairs in the hands of a Lieutenant Governor and Council. 
Capital, Regina. Number of churches, 44. School population, 578. 

Population, census of 1881, 56,446: male, 28,113; female, 28,333. 



BRITISH COLUMBIA. 



Ko-lum'be-a'. 



Colony established 1858; adq;iitted into the Dominion, 1871. Area, 
including Vancouver's Island, 341,305 square miles. Population, 
49,459. Climate milder than that of same latitude on the Atlantic 
coast. Country traversed by Rocky and Cascade Mountains. Lofti- 
est peak. Mount Browne, 16,000 feet hi^h. Government consists of 
a Lieutenant Governor, an Executive Council, and a Legislative 
Assembly, elected by the people . Capital, Victoria; pop., 5,926. 

Amount of land occupied, 441,255 acres; improved, 18 1,885 acres. 
Grain product, 1881, 559,220 bu.; potatoes, 556,193 bu.; hops, 24,899 
lbs. Farm animals, 151,202. Butter made on farms, 343,387 lbs. ; 
cheese, 33,252 Value of fur product, $153,442. Timber product, 
2,427,8:52 cu. ft. There are 400 fisheries. Salmon product, 50,106 
bbls. ; other fish, 12,767 bbls. Fish oil, 237,492 gals. 

The mineral wealth of the Province is very great, the chief source 
being coal. On the mainland and Vancouver's Island large deposits 
of bituminous coal are found, and on Queen Charlotte's Island a 
fine grade of anthracite. Gold is found in various localities. In 
ten years the yield in the Province exceeded $22,000,000. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



73 



MAP OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, N.W. TERRITORIES, MANITOBA. 




74 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



ALASKA. Alas-ka. 



At the time of it8 discovery by the Russians, it was called by the 
natives Alayeska, which has changed through Alaksa and Alashka 
to its present form. Largest possession of United States; dis- 
coTered by Vitus Behring, 1741; purchased from Russia, 1867. 

Area, 581,409 square miles: ^Nrctic division, 125,245; Yukon, 
176,515; Kuskokvim, 114.975; Aleutian, 14,610; Kadiak, 70,884: 
Southeastern, 28,980. Extreme length, north and south, 1,100 
miles; extreme breadth, 800 miles. Yukon, the great highway 
through the country, navigable in summer about 700 miles; coast 
line, exclusive of smaller indentations, over 4,000 miles. 

Climate of Pacific coast much modified by the Pacific gulf 
stream and the long days of summer; mean annual temperature 
of Yukon country, about 25° ; at Sitka, about 44° ; winter tem- 
perature at latter place about that of Washington, D. C. Rainfall 
copious, and foggy weather common on coasts and islands; Sitka 
one of rainiest places in the world outside the tropics, the annual 
precipitation being 65 to 90 inches, and number rainy days 200 to 285. 

Sitka is seat of Bishop of Greek church, and headquarters of the 
Governor, who assumed official control, December, 1884. Pop., 995: 
white, 163; creole, 219; Thlinket, 613. Other settlements next in im- 
portance are Fort St. Nicholas, Cook's Inlet and Fort St. Michael, 
Norton's Sound. Harbors at Port Clarence, Michaelooski and 

Captain's Harbor. 
Salaries Territor'l 
Officers. 



.83,000 
. 3,000 



Governor 

District Judge. 
Clerk of Dist. } 

Court & ex- 

oflaclo Sec. 

& Treas.... 
Dist. Attorney, 
Marshal and 

Surveyor 

General 

Col. of Cus- » 2,500 

toms f & fees 

3 Deputy Colls. l.-^iOO 

1 Deputy Col... 1,200 

2 Inspectors, ) „ 
per day )' * 



2,500 



2,500 
2,500 



ANNUAL PRODUCTS OF 6EAL 
FI6HCRIF8. 

CALIFORNIA, 
OREGOK,. A $15,750 



ORtUON, A «15,750 

^ A v 

14,300 / V____ 

ALASKA, 

$2,096,500 




aWASH. 
Vl(5l,4!2 



$111,851 



Number persona 
employed in fisher- 
ies, 6,130; capital 
invested, $447,000; 
value of products, 
f" 661,640; value of 
,_^dl fisheries, $2,- 
096,500; value gen- 
eral fisheries, $564,- 
640. 

Total pop.,33,428; 
white, 430; Creole, 
1,756 ;Innuit,17,617; 
Aleut, 2,145; Tin- 
neh, 3,927; Thlink- 
et, 6,763 ; Hyda, 788. 
Aleutian and Sitka districts are the agricultural regions. Most 
fertile land near Cook's Inlet; good oats, barley and root crops are 
raised here without much difficulty. Rich grass land in the valley 
of Yukon, but extreme dampness and want of summer heat pre- 
vent the ripening of ^rain. Timber abundant on mainland; yel- 
low cedar the best, being of great value for boat-building. Edible 
berries are plentiful. 

A fine quality of white marble is found on Lynn Channel; coal, 
amber and lignite on Aleutian Islands, the best coal being on Cook'a 
Inlet. Gold, silver, copper, cinnabar and iron are found ; sulphur 
is abundant in volcanic districts. 

Noted for its fur-bearing animals, the chief of which are beaver, 
ermine, fox, marten, otter, squirrel and wolf. The main source 
of revenue is the fur seal, the taking of which is regulated by 
law. The United States receives a revenue from the company to 
which the monopoly of the trade is granted. The walrus is of 
value in furnishing ivory and oil. Whales, cod, herring and 
halibut abound, and various species of salmon are found. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



76 



MAP OF ALASKA. 




76 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



MEXICO. 



States, 27 ; Federal District, 1 ; Territories, 2. 
POLITICAIi DIVISIONS. 



Name. 


Area, 
Sq.Mls. 


Popula- 
tiou. 


Capitals. 


Pop. 


Aguascalientee 

Campeche 


2,895 
25,832 
16,048 
83,746 
50,890 

3,743 
42,510 
11,411 
34,550 

8,163 
39,168 

7,838 
25.689 

1,776 
23,635 
83,591 
12.021 

8.207 
27,.500 
36,108 
79,021 
11,851 
80.225 

1,620 
26.232 
29,567 
22.998 


139,300 
90.413 
200,000 
245,657 
144,594 
65,827 
200,000 
898,072 
325,000 
500,000 
934,850 
710.579 
-; 84,108 
160.300 
210,000 
754,468 
784,466 
203,290 
650,000 
201,918 
141,000 
104,759 
141,000 
138,988 
595,780 
450,000 
470,000 


Aguaecalientes 

Campeche 


39,000 
12,600 
16,000 
20.000 
24,000 
81,774 
88,000 
73,500 
3,300 
»,000 
03,871 
13,500 
85,000 
16,000 
50,000 
26,7#8 
78,000 
36,000 
66,800 
9,000 
5,000 
18,000 


Chiapas 


•San Cristobal 

Chihuahua 

Saltillo 


Chihuahua 

Ooahuila 


Colima 


Colima , 

Durango 

Guanajuato 

Chilpancingo 

Pachuca 


Dnrango 


Guanajuato 

Guerrero 


Hidalgo 


Jalisco 

Mexico 

Michoacan 


Guadalajara 

Toluca 

Morelia 


Morelos 


Cuernavaca 


NuevoLeon 

Oaxaca 


iMonterey 

Oaxaca 


Puebla 


Puebla 

Queretaro 


Quer^taro 

Ban Luis Potosi — 
Sinaloa 


San Luis Potosi 

Culiacan 


Sonora 


Ures 


Tahasco 


San Juan Bautista. 
Victoria 


Tamaulipas 

Tlaxcala 


8,000 


Tlaxcala 


18,000 
12,000 


Vera Cruz 


Jalapa 

Merida.. 

Zacatecas 


Yucatan 


61,000 


Zacatecas 


16,500 



TERRITORIES. 



Federal District. . 
Lower California 
Tepic 




Mexico 
La Paz 
Tepic. . . 



350,000 
4,000 
9,000 



liATEST REPORTED EXPORTS. 



Coffee S 1.193 

Eagle Dollars 176,123 

Gold Bullion 79,640 

Fruit 60,681 



Brazil Wood 

Silver Coin ancj Bullion . 

Silver Ore 

Cattle Hides 



5 54,450 
69,541 
55,446 

127,847 



Number cattle ranches. 20,574 ; value, $501,249,500. Number cattle 
in Northern Mexico,— area, 3O0,C00 square miles,— 1,500,000; goats, 
2,500,000; horses, 1,000,000; sheep, 1,000,000. 

AQRICTJLTTJRAIi PRODXTCTS. 



Cotton $6,429,454 

Pulque 8,759,700 

Sugar 8,527,290 



Wheat $ 16,970,789 

Corn 109,169,429 

Total Ag. Prod. . .$172,721,803 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



77 



MAP OF MEXICO. 




US ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 

' UNITED STATES. ~ 

A republic occupying the central portion of North America, to- 
gether with Alaska, in extreme northwest. 

Area land surface, 3,547,000 square miles ; greatest length, east 

and west, about 2,800 miles; average breadth, about 1,200 miles ; 

.British American boundary, 8,540 miles ; Mexican, 1,550 miles ; 

coast line, exclusiTe of land indentations, 5,715 miles ; lake shore 

line, 3,450 miles. Number States, 38 ; Territories, 10. 

New York ranks first in population ; Pennsylvania, second ; 
Ohio, third ; Illinois, fourth. New York City, metropolis of repub- 
lic; Philadelphia ranks second ; Brooklyn, third; Chicago, fourth. 
Washington, capital ; population, 147,293. 

Railway mileage, 1830, 23, having increased to 126,718, January, 
1886. Increase, 1885. 3,214 

Salt Industry. Breweries 



Capital 18,225,740 

Bushels 29.800,298 

Value $4,817,636 

Imported Merchandise. 

Gums $ 4,400,166 

Tea 13,636,053 

BreadBtuffs 6,704,543 

Laces, etc 10,012,394 

Manuf. of Silk 36,673.646 

Wmes 5,660,833 



Number 2,741 

Quantity Brewed. 513,192,120 gala. 
Consumption per head. 10J4 gals. 

Immigrants. 
Professional occupations. . .2.284 

Skilled 55,061 

Miscellaneous 184,195 

Ofcupations not stated.. ..31,665 
Without occupations 245,387 



Total 518,592 

STATISTICS FOR YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1884. 



Whale Fisheries $1,517,353 

Other Fisheries 4,731,043 



Total $6,248,396 



Breadstuffs exported $162,544,715 
Cotton and manuf .of, 

exported 208,900,415 

Coal, exported 5,031,959 



Total value of dutiable merchandise imported $457,813,509 

Total value merchandise imported free from duty 209,884,184 

UrPORTS. EXPORTS. 

liierchandiBe $667,697,693 $740,513,609 

Coin and Bullion ' 37,426,262 67,133,883 

DOMBSTIC EXPORTS. TOBEIGN EXPORTS. 

Merchandise $724,964,852 $15,648,757 

Coin and Bullion 50,225,635 16,907,748 

Commerce of Pacific Coast. 

IMPORTS. EXPORTS. 

Europe $ 5,156,311 $31,225,433 

Asia, Australasia and Oceanica 18,766,855 4,166,516 

Hawaiian Islands 7,925,925 3,109,697 

Mexico, Central and South America. . . 2,738,444 3,381,938 

British Columbia 1,283,931 2,503,954 

Another 1,308,064 2,059,746 

Totals $37,179,530 $46,386,284 

Total value of products of industry $10,000,000,000 

Average annu.il coal production 77,908,874 tons. 

Average annual value exports domestic merchandise. . .$794,060,103 
Average annual value imports domestic merchandise. . . 635,227,511 

Average annual value exports of cotton 12,822,428 

Average annual value imports cotton manufactures — 3t,285,e60 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



79 



MAP OF UNITED STATES. 




80 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



MAINE. 



Man. 

"Pine Tree State." 

Settled by the English at Bristol, 1624; admitted 1820. 

Area, 33,040 square miles ; extreme length, 300 miles ; extreme 
breadth, 210 miles; shore line over 2,400 miles, including islands; 
the Penobscot, Androscoggin, Saco, iSt. Croix, Aroostook and St. 
John are the most important streams. Number counties, 16. 

Temperature of Portland: winter, 23° to 38° ; summer, 63° to 69°. 
Rainfall at Brunswick, 45 inches. 

Portland, the metropolis and principal seaport; pop , 31,413. 
Augusta, the capital; pop., 8,665. Bangor, a port, of entry and lum- 
ber centre; pop., 16,856. Biddeford, an important manufacturing 
town; pop , 12,651. Lewiston, principal seat cotton manufactures; 
pop., 19,083. 

Number farms, 64,309; average value per acre, cleared land, 
$12.87; woodland, $12.66. Hay the most yaluable crop, yielding 
1,214.033 tons in 1883; corn crop, 1884, 1 062,000 bu. • wheat, 629,400 
bu. ; oats, 2,428,000 bu. : latest reported dairy products, 3,720 783 
gallons milk, 14,109,966 lbs. butter and 1,945,095 lbs. cheese. 

Lumbering one of chief industries, forests covering over 10,000,000 
acres: number saw-mills, 848; total products, $7,933,868. 

Fisheries give employment to 11,071 persons, and produce an 
Income of $3,614,178, including oyster fisheries, valued at $37,500. 



Salaries of State 
Officers. 

Governor $2,000 

Sec'y of State.. 1,200 

Treasurer 1,600 

Attorney Gen . 1,000 
Adjutant Gen. . 900 
Sup. Com.Schls 1.000 
Sec. Bd. of Agr. 600 
State Librarian 600 
Chief Justice . 3,000 
7 Asso. Justices 3,000 
Senators, ) $150; 
Represen V mileage, 
tatives. ) 20 cents. 
District Judge. 3,500 
Col. Int. Rev... 2,.500 
Col. Customs... 6,000 
Surveyor Cus.. 4,500 
Pension Agt. . . 4,000 



CAPITAL-INVESTED IN GRANITE 
QUARRIES. 



CAL 
MD. 
N.H 




Presidential P. O. 

Auburn $2,200 

Augusta 3,100 

Bangor 2,700 

Bath 2,200 

Belfast 1,800 

Biddeford 2,200 

Bi-uns-wick 1,700 

Caiais 1,600 

Eastport 1,600 

Ellsworth 1,500 

Gardiner 1,800 

Hallowell 1,600 

Lewiston 2,500 

Portland 3,300 

Rockland 2,100 

Saco 1,700 

Skowhegan — 1,700 

Waterville 2,000 

19P.0... 1,500 to 1,000 



Valuable elate quarries from the Kennebec to the Penobscot; 
granite is obtained in blocks of immense size; latest reported prod- 
uct, 2,203,670 cubic feet; value, $1,175,286. Banks fifth in buck- 
wheat and copper; eighth in hops and potatoes. 

The State has 379 shipbuilding establishments; number new 
▼essels built, 88; boats, 970; total value, $2,909,846. 

Pop., 648.936 : male, 324,058 ; female, 824,878 ; native, 590,053; for- 
eign, 58,883; white, 646,852; colored, 1.451; Chinese, 8; Indians, 625. 

State elections, second Monday in September; congressional 
and presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; num- 
ber Senators, 31; Representatives, 151; sessions biennial, in odd- 
numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in January; limit of 
session, none; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. 

Number electoral votes, 6: number voters, 187,323; paupers and 
Indians not taxed excluded from voting. 

Number colleges, 3; system of common, high and normal schools 
excellent; of 519,669 persons 10 years old and upward, 3.5 per cent. 
are unable to read; school age, 4-21. 

Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, any rate. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



81 



MAP OF MAINE. 




S2 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. J5°e?s;" 



'ehir. 
State." 

One of the thirteen original States; eettled by English Puritans 
at Dover and Portemouth, 1623. 

Area^ 9,305 square miles; length, 180 miles; average breadth, 45 
.miles; eeacoast, 18 miles; best harbor at Portsmouth. Number 
counties, 10. 

Average temperature at Concord, 46°; Hanover. 43° ; Manchester, 
49°; Portsmouth, 46°. Rainfall at Hanover, 40 inches. 

Manchester, chief city and manufacturing town, pop., 32,630. 
Pop. Nashua, 13,397; Concord. 13,B43; Dover, 11,687; Portsmouth, 
9,690. 

Number farms, 32,181 ; average value per acre, cleared land, $15; 
woodland, $32, Hay the most valuable crop, yielding nearly 600,000 
tons by last report; corn crop, 1884, 1,286,000 bu., 33 bu. to the acre; 
wheat, 170,700 bu., 14.6 bu, to the acre; oats, 993,000 bu., 32.4 bu. 
to the acre. 



Salaries of State 
OflEicers. 

Governor $1 ,000 

Sec. State. $800 & fees 

Treasurer 1,800 

Attorney Gen.. 2,200 
Supt. Pub. Ins.. 2,000 
3 R. R. Com- I 2,000 

mission'rs ) to 2,500 
Adjutant Gen.. 1,000 
Sec. Bd. Agr. ... 1,000 

Librarian 800 

Chief Justice... 2,900 
6 Asso. Justices 2,700 
Senators, ) $3 a day 
Represen- V and 

tatives.. i mileage. 
District Judge. 3,500 
Pension Agent. 4.000 
Col. Int. Rev..., 3,125 



AVERAGE ANNUAL PRODUCT OF 
BARLEY, \N BUSHELS. 

N. J, M 3.725 DEL. M 1,733 
R. l.fVl C0NN.[Vli4»3'9 



\ 


/ 




\ 


/ 


s 






CO 






t^ 








■X. 


(» 




•x. 




\ 




V 



Presidential P. O. 



Claroniont $1 

Concord 2 

Dover 2 

Exeter 1 

Franklin Falls. 1 
Great Falls .... 1 

Hanover 1 

Keene 2 

Laconia 1 

Lancaster 1 

Lebanon 1 

Littleton 1 

Manchester 2 

Milford 1 

Nashua 2 

Plymouth 1 

Portsmouth 2 

Rochester 1 

UP. O.. $1,300 to 1 



800 
700 
,300 
,600 
iOO 
,700 
,500 
,300 
,700 
500 
,700 
,600 
800 
,400 
,500 
,500 
,400 
.600 
000 



Ranks third in manufacture of cotton goods, value, $18,226,573; 
value woolen goods, $8,113,839; worsted goods, $2,694,232; sawed 
lumber, $3,842,012; leather, $4,477,350; paper, $1,731,170; boots and 
shoes, $7,230,804; flouring: and grist mill products, $2,542,784; 
hosiery and knit goods, $2,362,779. 

Mica is quarried at Grafton, and is very valuable ; soapstone is 
found at Haverhill, Keene and Francestown; granite of fine quality 
is quarried at Plymouth, Troy, Roxbury, Concord and elsewhere. 

Population, 346,991: male, 170.526; female, 176,465; native, 
300.697; foreign, 46,294; white, 346,229; colored, 685; Chinese, 14; 
Indians, 63. 

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 
first Monday in November; number Senators, 24; Representatives, 
821; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, 
meeting first Wednesday in June; limit of session, none; terms 
of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. 

Number electoral votes, 4 ; number voters, 105,138. Paupers are 
excluded from voting. 

Dartmouth College, at Hanover, founded 1769; compulsory edu- 
cation law; common schools excellent; school ag--*, 5-15. 

Mount Washington, highest point east of the Mississippi except- 
ing two or three peaks in North Carolina; a three-mile railroad 
extends to the summit. 

No asylum for deaf, dumb or blind. 

Legal interest, 6; usury forfeits thrice the excess. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



83 



MAP OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 




tong. "West 

.E C 

IPittsTjur: 
IRock I f 

Island IClarlcesvll 



lichforcl 

INewQiort ] 



riul^K 



Coos 



GrovetoaToX' 



lEaucasterp 




Umbagog Lake 



Milan 
/^ ^\Muan' 



>0^' 



^ipEcreR 



3erlin Falls 

•\a^ -r T, ;3r- JScottsAMills? .,, ^, 

mt«fiel;l/~\Hiz,civs;Mi|l3^j' 



A 



3arre "WeDsDRivit 



'"A 

V'/Qk Profile -Hpuie^ 









/ 



[Haverhill^ Q>^.W»d'dstock' 

yWarrenl) ^ ■ — -^ 

>ariimitL. , Couwayj 

< arren c„ i", Jlaaison / 

..rentworthVS Vj >._ 

*s 'V V JSCampton ^ W. yy m 



Woodstock/ 





Bellows), 

MFallC 



W .AnHover 
3^\avemontJfJ[c. Jraulcliu 
, „ IPenacook 

IBra^'fora^ti**'^ •?> 
^^Cbaflestown Contoocook^ 
Talpdle ^eumker 
/ Hillsborou; 
{."WaU/ole JJriage 



pa 
iILaeorif.a 
iifltonlBay 
o Jielmonl 

IFarmiajton 

Tittsfieia, 

IRocheste 
ON0/ORD 

JDo/ver 



iTTibrouzh 
9J0. IS 

.^.ij^-lfre-a.-- 






. 3Tancoc"k ;jti^ .^BeTlfsVa Sta> 



84 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



VERMONT. 



Yer-mont'. 

** Green Mountain State." 



First settled by Massachusetts emigrants near Brattleboro, 1734; 
admitted 1791,— the first State to join the original thirteen. 

Area, 9,565 square miles, a little larger than New Hampshire; 
length, 150 miles; breadth, 35 to 50 miles. Lake Champlain front- 
age, over 100 miles; Burlington the chief harbor. Number 
counties, 14. 

Temperature at Burlington: winter. 18° to 33°; summer, 65° to 
71° ; rainfall, 34 inches. Death rate, only 1.07 per cent, per annum. 

Burlington, seat of Vermont lumber trade; pop., 11,S65. Mont- 
pelier, capital. Kutland, famous for its marble works; pop., 12,149. 
Pop. of Bennington, 6,333; of Saint Albans, 7,193. 

First railroad, 1849. from Bellows Falls to Burlington by way of 
Rutland; present mileage, 937. 

Number farms, 35,5*-i2. Average value per acre, cleared land, 
$15.28; woodland, $17.73. Corn crop, 1884, 1,998,700 bushels; 
wheat, 364,500 bushels; oats, 3,625,000 iDushels. Latest report for 
hay, 1,148,100 tons; potatoes, 4,708,550 bushels; cheese, 6,121,130 
lb?. ; butter, 25,245,826 lbs. 

Salaries State 



Ofllcers. 

Governor $1,000 

Lieut. Gov. $6 a day 
Sec'yof State . 1,700 

Treasurer 1,700 

Auditor 2,000 

Insp. Finances. 500 

R.R. Com'r 500 

Ad j utant Gen . . 750 
Supt.Pub.Inst'n 1,400 
Chief Justice... 2,500 
6 Asso. Justices 2,500 



i a day 



Senators, ) 
Represen- \ 

tatives.. ) 

Dlst. Judge 3,500 

Col. Int. Rev... 2,050 
Col. of Cus- 1 1,000 

toms 1 (fefees 




Presidential P. O. 

Barre $1,400 

Bellows Falls... 1,800 

Bennington 1,700 

Bradford 1,600 

Brandon 1,500 

Brattleboro 2,400 

Burlington 2,600 

Fair Haven 1,400 

Middlebury 1,700 

Montpelier 2,300 

Poultney 1,400 

Rutland 2,500 

St. Albans 2,100 

St. Johnsbury.. 2,200 
Sjoringfleld.... 1,500 

Vergennes 1,600 

West Randolph 1,500 

Woodstock 1,500 

11 P. O. $1,400 to 1,000 



Mineral wealth of great value; manganese, copper pyrites, iron 
ore, and gold deposits have been found. Black, white, red and 
variegated marbles are abundant; annual value marble, over 
$3,000,000, and of slate, about $1,000,000. 

Number different industries, 2,874, giving employment to 17,540 
persons. Number butter and cheese establishments, 85; flour and 
grist, 227; furniture, 56; leather tanning, 53; luiflber sawing, 688; 
marble and stone work, 69; wares of tin, sheet-iron and copper, 95. 

Ranks fourth in copper, and seventh in hpp? and buckwheat. 

Population: 332,286; male, 166,887; lemale, 165,399; native, 
291,327; foreign, 40,959; white, 331.218; colored, 1,057; Indians, 11. 

State elections biencial, first Tuesday in September; congres- 
sional and presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; 
number Senators, 30; Representatives, 240; sepsions of legislature 
biennial, in even-numbeired years, meeting first Wednesday in 
October; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and Repre- 
Bentatives, 2 years each. 

Number electoral votes, 4; number voters, 95,621. Bribers 
excluded from voting. 

Number colleges, 2; school population, 99,463; school age, 5-20. 

Legal interest rate, 6 ; usury forfeits excess of interest. 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



85 



MAP OF VERMONT. 



ZMills 



^St.Allbans • /Ik^^J Vjtsw -r-:. LSJslVi'a^'o 



'vv 



L 



^Mbrris-r. •'W.-Bur-ke^^ GitildfiaTl, 



ictoty 






a-^Sx>- 



Hardwict 
S<otce# 



IBM toff 



■Wolcott j/jLjiiaon 

Mte^-Ov Garnet 



fP^ 






ti-tv^' 






mglRo^J 



Ferris 

j^ofgeanes 
Brist 



nfield*-> 
Ba'rre Grotoni^ 
WellslliverF 
INe\^ury J 



Roxburj 
' SV «N-, Chelsea ^raaforTl' 

i^V.SalisTju^l " v^^^- Braintree 



-Profile < 
'^- JHouse 
^^TVoddville 



^ 



lRodh%lter(|^J^W.-Ran-aolp-b '^'^//^ 
_ Xeic'estefTc. S/VX^jeth^^-'''''**^'"'* f ff .** 



Sutherland) 






7 f^UE,, ^ ";^,uCian-a,o„^^^^ '^^ic^^-Xe^='"55. 



VQuechee 



/^^^S^Sj^NJlutlaml,';^ oodstock f J; ^ -^'rer J 






^^'fe 



(Bristol 



M 



_ Sou til 



,;GutllngtV. ,„, . 



.ont 



lis-' 'vP?°''7 



low- 



o iy^'Ws'MK. 



[Gassetts 
I Station 



COf, 



I'ewport 



Contooc{7o"ki 



V0T4C0^ 



rancock *^' 



, ■ yi'^S-I/ondonclerry \PepotJ/ <~t 

Salem '^/Wjiihall'Uo „ M?N.WaIpole 

l?# y ^#" i/ Bellows Lr 

t%Y #^-- C^ Falls j\lj 

hrj] l?#/ ^■'^ TownsendV' fJ/ h 

I^uf ^§/CM^ „Vo«Fayette vA (vL\ ^ 

■^^ /> Glastenbury Pf^^neyy^^ ^\y\ ,^; 

- ,^_^iIliamsV.!^ jr^^ %<\:^ 

:^^nlngt^BrattleborVl^' -A^eene 

i-y^^^^-y SyVerno^y ^"^ 

/ \M ,4° /xong M. East A^^ from S Wasli. Sf ie-Sj^g.^V^ ^ <^"-.g^i. 



scale; of "Mixes. 



86 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



MSs-sa-cliQ'sets. 
••Old Bay State.** 



One of the thirteen original States; first pennanent settlement 
made by English Puritans, at Plymouth, 1»)20. 

Area, 8,315 square miles; length, northeast and southwest, 160 
miles; breadth, 47 to 100 miles. Number counties, 14. 
■ Temperature at Boston : winter, 27° to 38° ; summer, 66° to 71° : 
rainfall, 45 inches. 

Boston, capital and metropolis; pop., 390,406. Lowell, Lawrence 
and Fall River tamous for cotton manufactures; pops., 64,051, 38,845 
and 56.868. Worcester, great railroad and manufacturing centre; 
pop., 68,383. Cambridge, seat of Harvard College, the oldest in 
America, pop., 59,660. Lynn, famous for manufacture of boots and 
shoes; pop., 45,861. New Bedford, greatest whaling port in the 
world; pop., 33,393. Springfield contains greatest arsenal in the 
United States ; pop., 37,577. 

Number of farms, 38,406; average value per acre, cleared land, 

fi85; woodland, $43.25. Hay, the most valuable crop; wheat, 1884, 
9,000 bushels; oats, 717,000; com. 1,941,300 bu. Ranks first in 
cotton, woolen and worsted goods, and in cod and mackerel fisher- 
ies, owning over half of the fishing vessels of the United States; 

Presidential P. O. 



Salaries of State 
Officers. 

Governor $5,000 

Lt. Governor.. 2,000 
Sec'y of State. 3,000 

Treasurer 4,000 

Auditor 2,500 

Attorney Gen. 4,000 
Chief Justice.. 6,500 
CAsso. Justices 6.000 
District Judge. 4,000 
Senators, ^§650 per 
Represen-V year. 

tatives, ) '' 
Pension Ag't.. 4,000 
3 Collectors » .^,000 

Int. Rev., (to 4,500 
Coll. of Cus- 



\NNUAL VALUE OF MANUFACTUREC 
BOOTS AND SHOES. 



toms,Bost'n ! 



;,ooo 




Boston S6,000 

Brockton 2,500 

Fall River 2.800 

Fitchburg 2,600 

Gloucester 2,500 

Haverhill 2,600 

Holyoke 2.700 

Lawrence 2.700 

Lowell 3,200 

Lynn 3,100 

New Bedford... 3,000 
Northampton.. 2,500 

Pittsfleld 2,700 

Salem 2,700 

Springfleld 3,200 

Taimton 2,600 

Woi-cester 3,300 

2,400 
000 



101 Offices... I to 2. 



Naval Officer. . 5,000 

second in wealth and commerce; third in manufactures and in 
printing and publishing; fourth in silk goods; fifth in soap; sixth 
m iron and steel; ninth in agricultural implements. 

Population 1.941,465; male, 932,429; female, 1,009,036; native, 
1,459,982; foreign, 481,483; white, 1,920,498; colored, 20,361; Chinese, 
229; Japanese, 8; Indians, 369. 

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first 
Monday in November. Number Senators, 40; Representatives, 
240; sessions annual, meeting first Wednesday in January; limit 
of session, none ; terms of Senators and Representatives, one year 
each. Number electoral voles, 14; number voters, 544,192; native 
white, 853,347; foreign while, 184,439; colored, 6,406; Paupers. 
persons under guardians, non-taxpayers, and men unable to read 
and write excluded from voting. 

Number quarries, 113; ports of entry, 9; customs districts, 11. 
First American newspaper, Boston, 1G90; lirst freight railroad in 
United States, Quincy ; first American library at Harvard College. 

Number colleges, 7 ; education compulsory ; schools excellent ; 
■chool age, 5-15. 

Legal mterest rate, 6 ; by contract, any rate. 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



87 



MAP OF MASSACHUSETTS. 




88 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



RHODE ISLAND. 



Rod riand. 

" Little Khody." 

One of the thirteen original States and smallest in the Union; 
supposed temporary settlement by Icelanders as early as 1000 ; 
eettled by ltoo;er Williams at Providence, 1636* last of the thirteen 
colonies to ratify the Constitution, which it did in 1790. 
. Area, 1,250 square miles; extreme length, north and south, 47 
miles; extreme width, 40 miles. Good harbors at Providence, 
Bristol, Warren and Newport, the latter one of the finest in the 
world. Number counties, 5. 

Temperature at Newport: Winter, 29° to 43° ; summer, 64° to 71°: 
rainfall, 43 inches. 

United States customs districts at Newport, Providence, Bristol 
and Warren; two capitals. Providence and Newport ; populations, 
117.628 and 19,552. Population of Lincoln, 17,2H9; of Pawtucket, 
22,894; of Warwick, 13,284; of Woonsocket, 16,145. 

Nuniber farms, 6,2161 Hay the most valuable crop ; yield of 1883, 
81,708 tons; potato crop, 845,185 bushels; corn crop, 1884, 890,000 
bushels; oats. 1R1,000 Imshels. Latest reported dairy products: 
milk, 3,831,706 gallons; butter, 1,007,103 lbs.; cheese, 67,171 lbs. 



Salaries of State 
OflEicers. 

Governor $1,000 

Lieut. Gov 500 

8«c'y of State.. 2,500 
Gen. Treasurer 2,500 
State Auditor ) „ rAA 
Ins. Com'r . . f '^'•^"" 
Railroad Com'r 500 
Attorney Gen . 2,500 
Adjutant Gen . 600 
Com.Pub.Schls 2.500 
Chief Justice .. 4,500 
4 Asso. Justices 4.000 
Senators, i $lpr.day 
Represen V mileage 
tatives. ) 8 cents. 
District Judge . S3,500 
Apr. of Cust'ms 3,000 

Clerk.. 1,200 

3 Collectors Fees. 



CAPITAL Invested in Cotton 

Manufactures per 1,000 

population. 




4 Den foll<5 i ^^'^OO 

4i^ep. cons, j to 2,000 
Col. Int. Rev. .. 2,760 

SDep.Colls.Jtofjoo 



1,800 



Supt. Life 
Saving Ser. 

Asst. Supt 1,000 

36 Keepers 700 

Presidential P.O. 

Bristol $1,700 

Central Falls... 1,700 
E. Greenwich . . 1,600 

Lonsdale 1,300 

Newport 2,700 

Olneyville 1,700 

Pawtucket. ... 2,600 

Providence 3,500 

Warren 1,300 

Westerly 2.100 



Woonsocket.... 2,300 

Outranks, in proportion to its size, all other States in value of 
manufactures. Number looms, 30,274; spindles, 1,649,295, using 
161,094 bales of cotton, and giving employment to 22,228 persons. 
Ranks second in cotton, flax and linen poods. 

Value of cotton goods manufactured, $24,609,461 ; woolen goods, 
$15,410,450; worsted goods. $6,177,754; boots and shoes, rubber, 
$1,4.55,420; dyeing and finishing textiles. $6,874,254; foundry and 
machine-shop products, $6,281,707; jewelry, $5,650,133. 

Population, 303,816; male, 146,135; female, 157,681; native, 
222,697; foreign, 81,119; white, 296,585; colored, 7,127; Chinese, 27; 
Indians, 77. 

State elections, first Wednesday in April; congrese-ional and 
presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number 
Senators, 36; Representatives, 72; sessions annual; meeting last 
Tuesday in May, at Newport, and an adjourned session annually 
at Providence; limit of session, none; terms of Senators and Repre- 
sentatives, 1 year each. 

Number electoral votes, 4; number voter*, 84,460; persons with- 
out property lo the value of $134 excluded from voting. 

Number colleges, 1 ; Brown's University, at Providence, founded 
1764; common school system excellent; school age, 5-15. 

liCgal interest rate, 6 ; by contract, any rate. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



89 



MAP OF RHODE ISLAND. 



7lJ50'Long.W.from7r-'40'^^enwich. 

M/ A S S% A y -«^ 

Webster ^-^L^ -^/^e?" v""^'^''"/^"^-^^. 

, M H O % ((my. . 

*' • '^'^J^ ' W.ProvideuctiA. Vl^\ * "O-fJ 









JNC 






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'^O 



Vyominjf 
'. Vallet 






k^ollIRiv 



^ 



'^3^' 



^ 



I'ler 



'^'^^l 



■^i-h 



'Z A N T I G '''' 
C E A N 



Bj 



lA^ll 



'II 



Scale ofUVTiles. 

012S4S6789 10 

w w -i 



o , ■, r, . x\vo^>- --.-^^^yM/ r^-'>^^^^-i Co., Sngr't, Chicago. 

6, 12 I^ng. E. from5;2.2'Xashipgton<::^5-/32 5''42' 6°02' 



90 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



CONNECTICUT 



Kon-net'e-kut. 

»* Nutmeg State.*' 



Name of Indian origin, signifying Long River. 

One of tlie thirteen original States; first permanent settlement 
made by English at Hartford, 1635. 

Area 4,990 square miles ; average length, 86 miles ; average 
breadth 55 miles; eeacoast, over 100 miles. Principal river 
valleys : Thames, Connecticut and Housatonic. Most important 
harbors': Bridgeport, New Haven, New London, Saybrook and 
Stonington. Number counties, 8. _ 

Temperature at New Haven: winter, 2<°to40''; summer, 68° to 
74° : rainfall, 44 inch s. , , , , . ^ . -u , 

Hartford the capital, and noted for banking and insurance busi- 
ness • population, 42.015. New Haven, " City of Elms," the metrop- 
olis and noted for educational Institutions ; population, 62,882. 
Bridgeport noted foip manufacture of fire-arms and sewing ma- 
chines ; population, 27,^3. Waterbury, an important manufactur- 
ing city ; population, 17.806. Fairfield, Middletown, New Haven, 
New London and Stonington are ports of entry. 

Number farms, 30,598. Average value per acre, cleared land, 
f29- woodland, $24.50. Corn crop of 1884, 1,767,790 bu. ; wheat, 
36 200 bu. ; oats, 1,112,000 bu. Latest reported dairy products: milk, 
12/289,893 gals.; butter, 8,292,360 lbs. ; cheese, 1,028.015 lbs. 

Presidential P. O. 



Salaries of State 
Oflacers. 

Governor $4,000 

Lieut. Gov 500 

Sec'yof State.. 1,500 

Treasurer 1,500 

Comptroller.... 1.500 
Sec.StateBd.Ed. 3,000 
Adjutant Gen.. 1,200 

Ins. Com'r 3, .500 

SR.R.Com'rs.. 3,000 
Chief Justice.. 4,.500 
4 Asso. Justices 4,000 
Senators, i 
Repre-sen- v $300 and 

tatives. ) mileage . 
District Judgre. 3,.500 
2Colls. In. Rev. 3,000 
13 Deputy ) 800 

Collectors (to 1,775 
Stmpd.En.Agt. 2,500 




Ansonia $2,100 

Birmingham... 2,200 

Bridgeport 3,100 

Bristol 1,900 

Danbury 2,400 

Hartford 3,400 

Meriden 2,700 

Middletown.... 2,600 
New Britain..,. 2,500 

New Haven 3,400 

New London,... 2,600 

Norwalk 2,000 

Norwich 2,700 

South Norwalk 2,000 

Stamford 2.400 

Waterbury . . , . 2,700 
Willimantlc. . , . 2,100 
I 1.800 

i to 1,000 



38 Offices 



Number different industries, 4,488. Capital invepted in manu- 
facture: rubber goods, $1,681,600; carpets, other than rag, f3,085- 
000 ; clocks, $1,816.400 ; cotton goods, $21,104,200 ; woolen goodi, 
$7,907,452 ; f ewing machines and attachments, $6,490,650. 

Ranksfirst in clocks, third in silk goods, fourth m cotton goodB, 
eighth in tobacco. „.„ ,^^o 4.- 

l>opnlation, 622,700: male, 305,782; female, 316,918 ; native, 
492,708; foreign, 129.992 ; white, 610,769; colored, 11,547; Chinese, 
123 ; Japanese, 6 ; Indians, 255. . 

State elections, annual, at same date as congressional and prea- 
idential ; number Senators, 24; Representatives, 249; meeting 
of legislature, Wednesday after first Monday m January ; limit, 
none ; term of Senators, 2 years ; of Representatives, 1 year. 

Number electoral voles, 6 ; number voters, 177,291. Convicts 
and those unable to read are excluded from voting. . 

Number colleges, 3, having about 160,000 volumes In libraries ; 
Yale College, at New Haven, founded, 1701 . School age, 4-16. 

Legal interest rate, 6 ; no penalty for usury, but more than per 
cent, can not be collected by law. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



91 



MAP OF CONNECTICUT. 




92 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



NEW Y UKK^. " Empire or Excelsior State." 

One of the thirteen original States; naraed in honor of the Duk© 
of York, to whom the patent was granted; first settled by Dutch, 
on Manhattan Island, 1614. 

Area, 49,170 square miles; extreme length, east and west, 412 
miles; extreme breadth, 311 miles; two-thirds of boundaries formed 
by navigable rivers; total water frontage, 880 miles. Number 
counties, (50. Temperature at Albany : winter, 22° to 36° ; summer, 
67° to 73°. Rainfall at Buffalo, 34 inches, and at Penn Yan, 28 inches. 

New York City, chief commercial point of United States, rank- 
ing Ist in exports and imports; pop., 1,206.299,— greater by nearly 
three-fifths than that of the Territories. Brooklyn is 2d in size; 
pop., 566,663. Buff'alo, " Queen City of the Lakes," is, next to Chi- 
cago, most important fphippiug point for grain on the lakes; pop., 
155,1 34. Rochester, noted for manufactures and extensive nurseries ; 
pop., 89,366. Syracuse has extensive salt works; pop., 51,792. 
Albany, the capital; pop., 90,758; customs districts, ID. 

First railroad, from Albany to Schenectady, 1831 ; present raDroad 
mileage, 7,349 ; artificial waterways, 907 miles. 

Number farms, 241,058; average value per acre, cleared land, 
$58.48; woodland, $40.88. 

Salaries of State 1 I Presidential P.O. 

OfB.cers. cheese product of isso. 

Gov'rSlO.OOO&house _^ il!]f,!^^ HiZ 

Lieut.Gov. ...5,000 MICHIGAN Q. Lbs. 292,971 Ri^Ai^Wton''" sooo 

Sec'y of State... 5,000 ILLINOIS J^ ^62,178 §"f,fhamton... |,000 

Treasurer 5,000 PA., f^3^ o^^Ms? luft-Tlo^ S 

Comptroller... 6,000 IOWA C3, ^'"^'^^^E fra 3 000 

Attoi:n_ey Gen.. 5,000 VERMONT J^^^-. 6,121,130 Lockport."".'.'.'.' IjOO 

Newburpii ..... 2',700 

Representa-l-mTge — 1^ J"—' ' Ko'l^.V.:::: S? 

Pousnkeepsie . 2,900 

Rochester 3,600 

Saratoga Spr... 2,700 

Syracuse 3,400 

Troy 3,300 

Utlca 3,200 

^ , ^ . , >^ / Watertown 2,700 

New Yo?k!^ I ^^'"*'° ^^ — ^ ?PiPost { 2,600 

Supt. Assay O.. 4,500 



Chief Justice.. 7,500 
Senators & ) l.-'iOO 
_ I- V 

tives ) lOcts. 

3 Dist. Judges.. 4,000 
Pension Agt. . . 4,000 
Pos,StanipAgt. 2,.500 
D.Supt.R'ySer. 2,500 
12 Colls.Irit. I 2,7.50 

Revenue.. I to 4,500 




9,0SS,405 
19^-tS,438 



Offices ) to 1,000 

Corn crop. 18!^4, S2,674,300 bu ; wheat, 12.729,000 bu. LateBt 
reported dairy products: milk, 331,965,533 gallons; butter, 116,119,- 
647 lbs. ; cheese, 117,085,442 lbs. Ranks first in value of manufactures, 
soap, printing and publishing, hops, hay, potatoes, buckwheat and 
milch cows; second in salt, silk goods, malt and distilled liquors, 
miles railway and barley; third in agricultural implements, iron 
ore, iron and steel, oats and rye. 

Population, 5,082,871: male, 2,505,322; female, 2,577,549; native, 
8,871,492; foreign, 1.211,379; white, 5,016,022; colored, 65,104: 
Chinese, 909; Indians, 819. Governor and State officers elected 
quadrennially, and legislature every two years; State, congres- 
sional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in 
November; number Senators, 32; Representatives, 128; sessions 
of legislature annual, meeting first Tuesday In January; limit of 
session, none; term of Senators, 2 years ; of Representatives, 1 year. 

Number electoral votes, 36; number voters, 1,408,751; native 
white, 852,094; foreign white, 536,598. Election betters or bribers, 
and convicts, excluded from voting. 

Number of colleges, 28; school pop., 1,681,101; school age, 5-21. 

Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits principal and interest. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



93 



MAP OF NEW YORK. 




94 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



NEW JERSEY. 



Jer'zee. 

'* Jersey Blue. 



Named in honor of a grantee, Sir George Carteret, at one timo 
Governor of the Island of Jersey. One of the thirteen original 
States. Settled by Dutch, atBergon, 1620. Area, 7,815 square miles; 
extreme length, 157 rals.; breadth, 37 to 70 mis.; frontage on Atlantic 
and Delaware Bay, about 120 miles each. Number counties, 21. 

Temperature at Atlantic City: winter, 32° to 42°; summer, 66° to 
73°. Rainfall at Newark, 45 inches. 

Newark, Perth Amboy, Great Egg Harbor, Tuckerton, Bridgeton 
and Lumberton are ports of entry. Newark, metropolis; popula- 
tion, 152,988. Jersey City, a suburb of New York; population, 
153,513. Trenton, capital; pop.. 34,386. Paterso'n, manufacturing 
city; pop., 63,273. Extensive zinc works at Newark and Jersey 
City. Pop. Elizabeth, 32,119; Hoboken, 37,721; Camden, 52,884. 

Number farms, 34,307. Average value per acre, cleared land, 
182.52; woodland, $56.82. Number engaged in agriculture, 59,214. 

Hay the most valuable crop; potato yield, 1883, 4,275,857 bu.; 
wheat, 1884, 2,022,000 bu. ; corn, 10,992,032 bu.; cranberry growing a 
epecialfv, Burlington, Ocean and Atlantic counties being especially 
adapted'to this industry. Central region a vast market garden. 

3 Collectors ) $2,376 
Int. Re v.... ) to 4,500 



9alue of manufactured Silk 

GOODS. 




Presidetitial P. O. 
AsburyPark. . $2,300 
Atlantic City.. 2,400 

Bridgeton 2,100 

Camden 2,800 

Elizabeth 2.700 

Hoboken 2,400 

Jersey City 3,200 

Morristown 2,400 

Newark 3,400 

New Brunswick 2,500 

Orange 2,300 

Paterson 2,800 

Plainfield 2,500 

Rahway 2,200 

Trenton 3,100 

Washington... 3,100 
46 P.O., 2,000 to 1,100 



Salaries of State 
OflBcers. 

Governor $5,000 

Sec'yof State.. 6,000 

Treasurer 4,000 

Comptroller... 4,000 
Attorney Gen.. 7,000 
Supt. Pub. Inst. 3,000 
Adjutant Gen.. 1,200 

Librarian 1,500 

Chief Justice... 7,500 
8 Asso. Justic's. 7,000 
Chancellor.... 10,000 
Senators, ) 
Represen- > 500 

tatives, ) a year 
District Judge.. 3,500 
Supt.Life Sav- ) , onn 

ing Service. ) ^'*"" 
39 Keepers 700 

Latest reports give, for cotton used, 20,569 bales; 108 factories for 
silk and silk goods, and number hands employed, 12,549; 2,234 
hands employed in jewelry factories; number of flour and grist 
mills, 481 ; brick and tile factories, 107. 

Latest figures received for iron ore, 757.372 ; value sea fisheries, 
$1,115,154; oysters sold, $2,080,625; marl dug in 1882, 1,080,000 tons. 

Ranks first in fertilizing marl, zinc and silk goods; fourth in 
iron ore; fifth in iron and steel; sixth in buckwheat and soap; 
seventh in rye. 

Population, 1,131.116: male, 559.922; female, 571.194; native, 
909,416; foreign, 221,700: white, 1,092,017; colored, 88,853; Chinese, 
172; Indians, 74. 

State elections annual ; same date as congressional and presiden- 
tial; number of Senators 21, of Representatives, 60; meeting of 
legislature, 2d Tuesday in January; limit of session, none; term of 
Senators, 3 years; of Representatives, 1 year. Number electoral 
votes, 9; number voters, 300,635. Paupers, idiots, insane and con- 
7icts excluded from voting. 

Number colleges, 4; number enrolled in public schools, 209,526; 
school age, 5-18. 

Legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits entire interest. 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



95 



MAP OF NEW JERSEY. 






LoBgituda W. from Greenwich. 75^ 



Grey court/ 
*/t>«v 2V / Y . < 



5reen"wood> 



''-i;;-. 



41^ 



(Creseo 



N*"™ 






«.t-\°" 



parta.Jc. 
'- ^i^ate ».'y^jl^oj)'iffi<)'n^;4MountamVieivV = 



^^^ 



ir 



Klemingto' 
FMmingto 



al./^ Chester V. ^°^ovi 
HsrC'file 3rorri3 T.\cp •^/^ , 
'<>"; Bernards "V:;'^^^;];i;2i2^3^wiirk 
^-h liridje ".L. frEli/.a 



iwajri 



1'^ 



OrfelanS 



Doylestown 

LLausdale i 

Pelasterville/ 



Soinervin7>££^ 

^ rtl 

ambertjpr^ A*y / 51/utawan' 

^SRocJkj Hill^;JAloniyJuth Jc.'*/'-' 

■ Prin/fccton ^ /^-^^amesburlsh 

Princeyon J 
|<^tcotoyjc. ^^y^ HS^tontfown Jc 




lightstown 



:nton 

Ik 

5or"tTen|town 
fKinliora/i BricksburgK 
SltrHvony 3y(5 Ridgewa7rt'<4' -T)r.fav(v,"4.o' 

^''"isV^\-r1>J^aMir,i ;y^Iancheal 



^ 
t^> 



Foodb 



. ,- ....dford % ■''o, 
."uaonfieia WoodmansU 



'■^:f?K 



Oakland J JER , "/„. Ai". 
— fVinelai^ 




■^^fLLding 



_ .numusku) 

BoTlS") 

t"NorriS 
ay Sidj _ 



96 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 



Pen-sil-va'ne-ali. 
"Keystone State." 

Named in honor of William Penn, the grantee. One of the 
thirteen original States. First permanent settlement made by 
Swedes at Chester, 1638. 

Area, 45,215 square miles; extreme length, 303 miles; greatest 
.breadth, 176 miles. Largest rivers, Delaware, Susquehanna, Al- 
leghany, Monougahela, Ohio. Number counties, 67. Temp, at 
Philadelphia: winter, 31° to 42°; summer, 70° to 75°: rainfall, 44 in. 

Philadelphia founded 1682 ; chief city of State, and second in 
U. S.; contains U. S. mint and navy yard; pop., 840,984. Pitts- 
burg, extensive manufacturing city; pop., 156,389. Harrisburg la 
capital; pop., 30,162. Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Erie are ports 
of entry. 

Number farms, 156,357, averaging about 100 acres each. Average 
value per acre, cleared land, $43.75; woodland, $29.75. Com crop, 
1884, 43,466,000 bushels; wheat, 20,820,000 bushels; annual value 
butter, milk and cheese, over $35,000,000. 

Manufacture of pig iron the great industry ; total production in U. 
8., 1880, 4,295,414 tons, of which Penn. produced 2,083,121 tons. 
Number manufacturing establishments, 10,381; flour and grist, 2,873; 
iron and steel, 321 ; sawed lumber, 2,8C6 ; paper, 78; woolen goods, 324. 

Salaries of State 
Officers. 



Capital invested in manufacture | 


OF Glassware, 


1880. 


W. VA. 


OHIO 


C) 





$ 5,50,522,^ ^ 


\| 579,750 


^^ /penn SYLVAN Ia\ "^ 
$ 310,OOoV * 3,978,406 J^ 250^000 


N. Y.V 


/MASS. 

0, 


$775,600 




1 603,000 



Presidential P. O. 



Alleghany 82,900 

Allentowu 2,600 

Altooiia 2,500 

Bradford 2,700 

Easton 2,600 

Erie 3,000 

Harrisburg .^,100 

Lancaster 2,900 

Meadville 2,500 

Philadelphia... 6,000 

Pittsburg 3,800 

Reading 3,000 

Scranton 2,900 

Titusville 2.500 

Wilkesbarre... 2,700 

Williamsporfc.. 2,800 

York 2,700 

U9 Offices i 2'*®'* 
14» umces. ^ jQ iQQQ 



Governor $10,000 

Lieut.Gov 3,000 

Sec'y of State.. 4.000 

Treasurer 5,000 

Auditor Gen... 3,000 
Attorney Gen.. 3,500 
Chief Justice... 8,500 
6 Asso. Justices 8,000 
1 $1,000 for 
Senators, 100 days. 
Repre^en )■ $10 per d. 
tatives. Mileage 

I 5 CGHtS. 

2 Dist. Judges... i.OOO 

2 Pension Agts. 4,000 

10 Colls. Int. ( 4,500 

Revenue. . ) to 2,375 

Col. Customs, I o nnn 

Philadelp'ia f **'""" 

Anthracite coal field in central division; bituminous in west and 
southwest. Produces all the anthracite and more than half the 
bituminous coal of the United States. 

Ranks first in rye, iron and steel, petroleum and coax; second 
in buckwheat, potatoes and printing and publishing; third in 
milch cows, hay, soap and miles railway ; fourth in oats and tobacco; 
fifth in silk goods, malt and distilled liquors; sixth in salt, copper, 
and agricultural implements ; eighth in horses and sheep. 

Population, 4,282.891: male, 2,136,655; female, 2,146,236; native, 
3,695,062; foreign, 587,829; white, 4,197,016; colored, 85,535; Chinese, 
148; Japanese. 8; Indinns, 184. 

State elections annual, same date as congressional and presiden- 
tial; number Senators, 50; of Representatives, 201 ; sessions bien- 
nial, meeting first Tuesday in January; limit of session, 150 days; 
term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. Number 
electoral votes, 30; number voters, 1,094,284. Non-taxpayers and 
political bribers excluded from voting. 

Number colleges, 26; enrolled in public schools, 945,345; school 
age, 6-21. 

Legal interest rate, 6 ; usury forfeits excess of interest. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



97 



MAP OF PENNSYLVANIA. 




98 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



DELAWARE. "The^Siamond State." 

One of the thirteen original States; named in honor of Lord 
Delaware, Governor of Virginia, who entered the hay, 1610. First 
permanent settlement made by Swedes, near present city of Wil- 
mington, 1638. First to ratify Federal constitution, 1787. 

Area, 2,050 square miles; extreme length, 96 miles; breadth, 
about 36 miles on south, and 10 miles on north. Number counties, 
8. Temperature at Delaware breakwater: winter, 30° to 38° ; sum- 
mer, 69° to 74° : rainfall, about 50 inches. 

Wilmington, metropolis, and has important coasting trade ; pop- 
ulation, 42,478. Dover is capital. Breakwater protecting Delaware 
Bay at Cape Henlopen greatest work of its kind in America, cost 
the United States $3,127,400, and was over 40 years in course of 
construction. 

Number farms, 6,658, of which 5,041 are occupied by owners. 
Average value per acre, cleared land, $19 ; woodland, $15. 

Corn crop of 1884, 3,975,000 bushels ; wheat, 1,007,000 bushels; 
peaches, berries and garden products find ready market. Value 
peach crop, over $1 ,500,000 annually. The growing of sweet potatoes 
a valuable industry. 



VALUE OF ORCHARD PRODUCTS PER 
1,000 POPULATION. 




MASS. $ 5C4 


^ 


CONN. $ '33 


N. J. $ 760 


VERMONT 


N. HAMP. 

% 2,802 


DELAWABE 
$ 5,775 



6 Deputy ) $ 900 
Collectors j to 1,600 

Clerk 1,000 

Collector of j 500 
Customs, j&feea. 

2 Deputy ) 600 
Collectors ) to 1,600 

5 Boatmen 300 



Presidential F< O. 

Dover $1,700 

Mlddletown.... 1,300 

Milford 1,400 

Newark 1,200 

Newcastle 1,100 

Smyrna 1,400 

W^ilmington . . . 8,100 



Salaries of State 
Officers. 

Governor $2,000 

Bec'y of State.. 1,000 

Treasurer 1,4.')0 

Auditor 700 

Adjutant Gen.. 200 
Attorney Gen.. 2,000 
Supt. Pub. Ins.. 1,500 
State Librarian 450 
Chief Justice... 2,500 

Chancellor 2,500 

3 Asso. Justices 2,200 
Senators, ) $3 pr. day 
Eeprescn >• and 

tatives. ) mileage. 
District Judge.. 3,500 
Dist. Att.. $200 & fees 
Col. Inter. Rev. 2,875 

Number different industries, 746^ flour and grist mills, 81 ; can- 
ning and preserving, 33; shipbuildmg, 18; lumber sawing, 86. 

Canning and preserving fruits and vegetables an important indus- 
try; capital invested, $396,379 ; value of products, $634,940. 

Capital invested in fisheries, $268,231 ; persons employed, 1,979. 
Value products general fisheries. $309,021) ; menhaden, $941 ; oysters, 
$687,725: total, $097,695. 

Value manufactured cotton goods, $1,057,257; iron and steel, 
f-3,347.177; iron pipe, wrought, $2,000,000; leather, dressed skins, 
$1,886,597; shipbuilding, $2,168,503. Productsof all manufacturing 
and mechanical industries, $20,514,438. 

Pop., 146,608: male. 74,108; female, 72,5C0; native, 137,140; for- 
eign, 9,468 ; white, 120,166; colored, 26,442; slaves, 1860, 1,798. 

State, congressicgial and presidential elections, Tuesday after first 
Monday in November; number Senators, 9; Representatives, 21; 
sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 
first Tuesday in January ; limit of session, 21 days ; term of 
Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral 
votes, 3; number voters, 38,298. Idiots, insane, paupers and crim- 
inals excluded from voting. 

Colleges at Newark and Wilmington ; school age, 6-21. 

Legal interest rste, 6: usury forfeits the principal, 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



99 



MAP OF DELAWARE. 




100 



ATLAS OF THE WOELD. 



MARYLAND. Mareland. 

One of the thirteen original States; named in honor of Maria, 
wife of Charles II., King of England; first permanent settlement 
made by English Eoman Catholics at St. Mary's, 1C34. 

Area, 12,210 square miles; greatest length, east and west, 196 
miles; seacoa^t, 83 miles, or, including the tidewater region of 
Chesapeake Bay, 411 miles, and, with shores of i -lands, 509 miles. 
Number counties, 23. Temperature at Baltimore: winter, 33° to 
41°; summer, 73° to 79°; rainfall, 41 inches. 

Baltimore, the metropolis; laid out 1730; port of entry and com- 
mercial centre; has regular lines European steamers; pop., 332,313. 
Annapolis, capital ; contains United States Naval Academy; pop., 
5,744. Cumberland, depot of western mining region; pop., 10,693. 

Number farms, 1860, 23,494; 1880, 40,517. Average value per acre, 
cleared land, $24.65; woodlaud, $35.50. 

Value principal orchard products,— peaches, pears, plums and ap- 
ples, — nearly $2,000,000; canned and preserved friiits and vegetables, 
over $2,000,000; oyster fisheries, nearly $5,000,000. 

Wheat crop, 1884, 8,200.000 bu. ; corn, 15,237,000 bu.; oats, 1,980,000 
bu.; buckwheat, 1883, 117>600 bu.; tobacco, 31,!:70,7a-nbs. 

Salaries of State f z — Z I Presidential P. O. 

Oflacers. 



VALUE OF OYSTER FISHERIES, | 


1880. 








(f'' 


3 
3 


z^ 


y 


% 


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t 


- 


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-3 


o 


2 


< 




in 

00 


z 


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z 
c 




s 




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to 


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*"- 


< 


s: 


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6I> 




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'n 




c^ 


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l> 


a 


l>- 







Annapolis $2,400 

Baltimore 6,000 

Bel Air 1,200 

Cambridge 1,400 

Centroville 1,300 

Chet,tertown... 1,300 
Cumberland. .. 2,300 

Kaston 1,700 

Elkton 1,500 

EllicottClty... ,200 
Emniittsburgh. l.SOO 

Frederick 2,200 

Frostburgh.... 1,300 
Hag-erstown... 2,300 
Havre do Grace 1,300 
Port Deposit... 1,100 

Salisbury 1,400 

TowRon 1,100 

Westminster... 1,500 



Governor $4,500 

Bec'y of State.. 2,000 

Treasurer 2,500 

Comptroller. .. 2,500 
Attorney Gen. . . 3, 000 
Chief Justice.. 3,500 
7 Arso. Justices 3,500 
District J udcro. 4,000 
Senators. ) gSpr.day 
Repres'u- > and 

tative.'^. ) mileapre. 
2 Colls. Int. ) 2,625 
Revenue... (to 4,500 
Col. of Customs 7,000 

« Colls.. {J'^O-d 

Auditor 2,500 

Naval Officer.. 5,000 
Surveyor 4,500 

Number manufacturing establishments, 6,787; capital invested, 
$58,742,384; hands employed, 74,945; bales cotton used, 46,947; pig 
iron produced, 61,437 tons; flour and grist mills, 546; tons coal 
mined, 2,227,844. 

Eanks fourth in coal, seventh In tobacco, eighth in copper, 
ninth in iron ore. Copper is found in Frederick and Carroll coun- 
ties; iron ore, in Alleghany, Anne Arundel, Carroll, Baltimore, Fred- 
erick and Prince George's counties. 

Population, 934,943: male, 462,187; female, 472.756 ; native, 
85,2.137; foreign, 82,806- white, 724,693; colored, 210,230; Chinese, 
5; Indians, 15. Slaves, 1860, 87,189. 

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 
first Monday in November; number Senators, 2(); Representatives, 
91; sessions biennial, in even-numbered years; meeting of legisla- 
ture, first Wednesday in January; limit of session, CO days; term 
of Senators, 4 years ; of Representatives, 2 years. 

Number electoral votes, 8; number voters, 232,106; native white, 
144 586; loreign white, 38,936 ; colored, 48,584. Insane, convicts 
and bribers excluded from voting. 

Number colleges, 11; school population, 319,201; school age, 5-80, 

Legal intereit rate, 6; usury forfe|;ts excess of interest, 



ATLAS OF TEE WORLD. 



101 



MAP OF MARYLAND. 




103 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



VIRGINIA. 



Ver-jin'e-ali, 

" Old Dominion." 



Named in honor of Elizabeth, i he Virgin Queen. One of the 
thirteen original States. Settled by English at Jamestown, 1607. 
Slavery introduced 1619. Seceded Alay, 1861 ; re-admitted Jan., 1870. 

Area, 42,450 square miles ; greatest length, east and west, 440 
miles; greatest breadth, 190 miles. Coast line, about 120 miles, or 
tidal frontage, 1,500 miles. Number counties, 100. Temperature 
at Norfolk: winter, 40° to 48°; summer, 75° to 80°. Rainfall at 
White Sulphur Spring, SB inches. 

Richmond, capital and metropolis; pop., 63,600. Pop. of Norfolk, 
81,966; of Petersburg, 21,656. Hampton Roads is one of the best 
harbors on Atlantic coast. Seven ports of entry. 

Number farms, 118,517; 51 per cent, of laborers are engaged in 
agriculture. Average value per acre, cleared lands, $9.42; wood- 
land, f 7.48. 

Marble quarried on Potomac. Number sandstone quarries, 10; 
ehipbuildiug establishments, fj5 ; saw-mills, 907 ; sawed lumber. 
^3,434,163: flour and grist mills, 1,385; value products, $12,210, 
872 ; foundry aud machine-shop, J=l,361,231; iron and steel, $2,585, 
899 ; cotton goods, $1,040,962; leather tanned, $1,011,830; slaughter 
ing and meat packiuj?, $1,054,500. Total number industries, 5,710 
capital invested, $26,968,990 ; vklue products, $51,780,992. 

Presidential P.O. 

Abingdon $1,600 

Alexandria 2,400 

Charlottesville 1,900 

Danville 2,400 

Freder'cksb'gh 1,800 

Hampton 1,600 

Harrisonbu'gh 1,600 

Lexington 1,600 

Liberty 1,600 

Lynchburgh... 2,800 

Norfolk 8,100 

Petersburgh... 2,600 
Portsmoutn.... 1,900 

Richmond 3,400 

Roanoke 2,100 

Staunton 2,400 

Winchester 1,900 

5 Post Offices . . 1,500 
10 P.O., $1,400 to 1,000 



Salaries of State 
Officers. 

Governor $5,000 

Lieut. Gov 900 

Sec'y of State.. 2,000 

Treasurer 2,000 

Auditor 3,000 

Sec. Auditor... 2,000 
Attorney Gen.. 2,500 
Supt. Pub. Ins.. 2,500 
Adjutant. Gen. 600 
Com'rof Agr.. 1,50!) 
Supt.ofLandO. 1,300 
Fres. Sup. Ct... 3,250 
4J'dg's8up. Ct. 3,000 
2 Dlst. Judges. 3,500 



PEANUTS ANNUAL AMOUNT OF 

CROP. 




Senators, ) ar^n r,a>- 
Represen- [^^^ P«^ 

tatives . ) y®*^- 
6 Colls. Int. ) 3,000 

Revenue. ) to 4,500 

Gold produced, 1882, $15,000; latest reported iron ore product, 
183,826 tons; zinc, 10,448 tons ; lead, 11,200 tons. 

Ranks first in peanuts, second in tobacco, eighth in salt and 
iron ore. 

Population, 1,512,565; male, 745,589; female, 766,976; natire, 
1,497,869; foreign, 14,696; white, 880,858; colored, 631,616; Chinese, 
6; Indians, 85; slaves, 1860, 490,865. 

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 
first Monday in November ; number Senators, 40 ; Kepresentatives, 
100; sessions of legislature biennial, In odd-numbered years, 
meeting first "Wednesday in December; limit of session, 90 days; 
term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. 

Number electoral votes, 12 ; number voters, 334,505 ; colored, 
128,257 ; native white, 198,277 : foreign white, 7,971. Lunatics, 
Idiots, convicts, duelists. United States army, and non-taxpayera 
of capitation tax excluded from voting. 

Number colleges, 7; school population, 555,807 ; school age, B-11. 

Legal interest, 6 ; by contract, 8 ; usury forfeits excess over 6 per c. 



ATLAS OF TEE WORLD. 



103 



MAP OF VIRGINIA. 




104 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



WEST VIRGINIA. 



Ver-jin'e-ah. 

** Pan-Handle State." 



Composed of northern and "western counties of the original 
State of Virginia; denounced passage of secession ordinance, 
April 22d, 1861 ; became a State, 1863. 

Area, 24,780 square miles; greatest length north and south, about 
240 miles ; greatest breadth, 160 miles. Big Sandy, Great and Little 
Kanawha, Guyaudotte and MonongaheU are navigable rivern. 
Number counties, 64. Temperature at Morgantown : winter, 34° to 
42°; summer, 70° to 75°. Rainfall at Romuey, 45 inches, 

Charleston, capital ; pop. 4,192. "Wheeling metropolis, principal 
seat of manufactures, and port of delivery ; pop. 30,737. Parkers- 
burg, port of delivery ; pop. 6,-582. Pop. of Martinsburg, 6,335. 

Number farms, 1870, 39,778 ; 1 880, 62,674. Average value per acre, 
cleared land, $21.05; woodland, $9.39. A rich agricultural tract; 
61 per cent, of laborers engaged in agriculture; staples are tobacco, 
wheat aud com, the last being the most valuable crop; number bu. 
grown 1884, being 11,900,000; wheat, 3,318,000; oats, 2,212,000; 
tobacco, 1883^1,952,872 lbs. 

On farms, Jan., 1884: Sheep, 671,226; swine, 424,626; annual wool 
clip, 2.000,000 lbs. The yield of butter, 1880, was 9,315,896 lbs; 
of fruit, "over $1 ,000,000. Wine made 1880, 71,026 gallons ; total value 
lumber products, ^2,431,857. 



Salaries of State 
Officers. 

Governor $2,700 

Secretary I I.OOO 

of State I and fees. 

Treasurer 1,400 

Auditor.. },,,«,000 

Biipt. of Free ( 

Schools f 

Attorney Gen. 
Presiding i 

Jdg. Supm. V 

Court ) 

Asso. Judges. . 2,250 
Benatoi'S, ) $4perd. 
Represen- v mileage 

tatives.. ) 10 cents. 
District Judge. 8,500 
2 Colls. Int. K. 2,876 



1,500 
1,000 

2,250 



IN CORN CROP,1870TO 

1880r 






^^' 



CHUSETTS 



A^N^«t 



72,430 '< 
310,057 >< 
'314,359 f 
^39,961 « 
®S3,874' u 




30 Deputy 
Colls 



$ 700 

to 1,600 



Presidential P. O. 

Cliarleston $2,100 

Charlestown . . 1,500 

Clarksburg 1,(100 

Fairmont 1,200 

Grafton 1,400 

Huntington... 1,700 

Lewisburgh 1,000 

Martinsburgli. 1,800 
Morgantown . . 1,000 
Moundsville . . , 1,800 
Parkersburg. . . 2,300 

Piedmont 1,300 

Pt. Pleasant .. . 1,000 
Wellsburgh.... 1,300 

Weston 1,200 

Wlieeling 3,000 



Iron ore yields 60 to 80 percent, pure metal, latest amount report- 
ed, 61,216 tou.s ; coal, 1,792,570 tons; salt, 2,679,433 bu. ; petroleum is 
extensively produced in Ritchie, PleasantSjWood and Wirt counties. 
Ranks fifth in salt and coal; eighth iu buckwheat, iron and steel. 

Population, 618,457; male, 314,495 ; female, 303,902 ; native, 600,- 
192; foreign, 18,265: white, 592,537; colored. 25,886: Indians, 29; 
40 per cent, increase m pop, 1870 to 1880; number slaves, 1860, 18,371. 
Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature 
every two years; State elections, second Tuesday in October; con- 
gressional and presidential, Tuesday after the first Monday in No- 
vember; number Senators, 26; Representatives, 65; sessione bien- 
nial, iu odd-numbered yeare; limit of session, 45 days; term of 
Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral 
votes, 6; number voter's, 1.39.161; native vehite, P?3,569; foreign 
■white, 9,208; colored, 6,384, Insane, paupers and convicts excluded 
from voting. 

Flourishing free school system; school population, 216,605; 
school age, 6-21. 

Legal interest, 6; by contract, 6; usury forfeits excess of intereat. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



105 



MAP OF WEST VIRGINIA. 




106 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 



" Old North State,' 
*«Tar State." 



One of the thirteen original States ; discovered by Lord Raleigh, 
1584; settled by English at Albemarle, 1650; seceded May, 1861; 
re-admittsd June, 1868. 

. Area, 52,250 square miles; length, 450 miles; breadth, 185 miles; 
coast line, over 400 miles; area dismal swamp, 150,000 acres; num- 
ber counties, 98. 

Temperature at "Wilmington: winter, 46° to 51°; summer, 76° to 
80° . Frost seldom occurs before November. Rainfall at Gaston, 43 
inches. Deaths by consumption, 1.5 per 1,000 of population. 

Wilmington, principal seaport and chief city; pop., 13,446. 
Raleigh, capital, and contains the State institutions; pop., 7,790. 
Charlotte contains assay office; pop., 4.473; j)op. New Berne, 5,849. 

Farms in 1860, 75,203. increased to 157,609 in 1880; average value 
per acre, cleared land, $9.77; woodland, $5.53. 

Agriculture the leading industry; corn the most valuable crop; 
tobacco the leading product; value orchard products over S900,000. 
Latest reports give 4,576,148 bn. sweet potatoes; 5,609,191 lbs. rice; 
value tar and turpentine products, $1,758,488; tobacco crop, 1883, 
29,048,213 lbs.; wheat crop, 1884, 4,650,000 bu.; oats, 4,632,000 bu; 
• com, 31,499,000 bu. 

2 DIst. Judges.. $3,500 



Salaries of State 
Officers. 

Governor $3,000 

Sec'y of State.. 2,000 

Treasurer 3,000 

Auditor 1,500 

Attorney Gen. . 2,000 
Supt. Pub. Inst. 1,500 
Adjutant Gen.. 600 
Oom'r of Agr. . . 1,200 
State Librarian 750 
Chief Justice... 2.500 
2 Asso. Justices 2,500 
Senators, ) $4 a day, 
Represen- > mileage 

tatives.. ) lOo. 

4 Collectors I 2.500 

Int. Rev... > to 3,750 
64 Deputy ) 300 

Collectors j to 1,700 



(kMOUNT OF COPPER INGOTS PRO- 
DUCED IN SOUTHERN STATES, 




Presidential P. O. 

Asheville §1,900 

Charlotte 2,400 

Durham 1,600 

Elizabeth City.. 1,200 
Fayetteville... 1,600 
Goldsborough.. l.SOO 
Greensboroiigh 1,800 

New Berne 1,900 

Oxford. 1,200 

Raleigh.. 2,600 

Reidsviire 1,200 

Salisbury 1,500 

Statesville 1,400 

Tarborough.... 1,500 
Wilmington.... 2,600 

Wilson 1,400 

Winston 1,800 

10 P. O.. 1,200 to 1,000 



Ranks first in tar and turpentine, secor.d in copper, third in pea- 
nuts and tobacco, fourth in rice, ninth in cotton. 

Number of different industries, 3,802 ; flour and grist mills, 1,313; 
saw mills, 776 ; latest reported value oyster fisheries, $60,000; 
number boats engaged in general fisheries, about 3,000; copper 
mined, 1,640,000 lbs. 

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first 
Monday in November; number Senators, 50; Representatires, 120; 
sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Wednesday after 
first Monday in January ; limit of session, 60 days ; terms of Senators 
and Representatives, two years each. Number electoral votes, 11 ; 
number voters, 294.750; native white, 187,637; foreign white, 2,095; 
colored, 105,018. Convicts are excluded from voting. 

Pomilation, 1,399,750 : male, 687,908; female, 711,842; native, 
1,3G6!0C8; foreign, 3,742; white, 867,242; colored, 531,278; Indians, 
l,i30. Slaves, i860, 331,059. 

Public school system adopted 1840; at present over 2,000 pubVp 
schools in operation; school age, 6-21. 

Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 8; usury forfeits interest. 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 
S^AP OF NORTH CAROLINA. 



107 










108 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. ?■' 



South Kar-o-ll'ua. 
Palmetto State." 



Named in honor of Charles II. of England, by whom the province 
was created in 1663. One of the thirteen original States. First 
permanent settlement made by English at Port Royal, 1670, 
Famous nullification troubles occurred 1832-33; led by J. C. Cal- 
houn, and oppoeed vigorously by Pres. Jackson, during which his 
famous expression "by the Eternal" was first used. Seceded 
November, 18()0; re-admitted June, 1868. 

Area, 30,170 square miles; extreme length, 275 miles; greatest 
breadth, 210 miles ; coast liue, 200 miles. Largest rivers, Savannah, 
Great Pee Dee, Santee and Edisto. Number counties, 84. 

Temperature at Charleston: summer, 79° to 83°; winter, 50°to 54°: 
rainfall, 43 inches ; frosts scldcm occur. Aiken, noted winter resort 
for consumptives. Deaths, consumption, 1.5 per 1,000 population. 

Charleston, largest city; laid out 1C80; population, 49,984; port of 
entry; seat of a Catholic bishop. United States customs districta 
at Beaufort, Charleston and Georgetown. 

First railroad to use American locomotives, the South Carolina, 
built 1830-33; number miles railroad January 1, 1886, 1,693. 

Number farms, 1860, 33.171; 1870, 51,889; 1880, 93,864. Averag* 
value per acre, cleared land, $6.24 ; woodland, $8.64. 



Pounds of rice Produced in 
1880. 



N. CAROLINA A~^ 5,609,191 lbs 
GEORGIA \ /LOUISIANA' 




1,201,07711)8. 



Presidential P. O. 

Aiken $1,600 

Anderson C.H. 1,400 

Beaufort 1,400 

Camden 1,300 

Charleston .... 3,200 
Chester C.H... 1,400 

Columbia 2,500 

Floi-ence 1,200 

Georgetown . . . 1,100 
Greenville C.H. 2,000 

Marion 1,100 

Newberry C. H. 1,600 
Orangreb'h C.H. 1,300 

Rock Hill 1,000 

Spart'nb'h C.H. 1,800 
Sumter C.H.... 1,600 

Union 1,000 

Winnsborough 1,200 
Yorkville 1,000 



Salaries of State 
OflBicers. 

Governor $3,500 

Lieut. Gov 1,000 

Bec'yof State.. 2,100 

Treasurer , . 2,100 

Compt'ller Gen 2,100 

Attorney Gen.. 2,100 

Supt. Pub. Inst. 2.100 

Com'rAgricult. 2,100 

Adj.&Insp.Gen. 1,500 

Chief Justice.. 4.000 

Asso. Justices. 3,500 

Clerk of Su- 
preme Court. 1,000 

Senators, | $5pr. day 

Represen V mileage 
tatives. ) 10 cents. 

District Judge. 3,500 

Ool. Int. Rev... 3,250 

Number of flour and grist mills, 720; value of lumber products, 
$2,031,507; tar and turpentine, $1,893,206; oyster fishery, S^O.OOO; 
sea, river and lake fisheries, $193,482. Ranks first in phosphates ; 
production, 332,077 tons; value, $1,993,462. 

Gold mines in Abbeville, Edgefield and Union counties; first 
mint deposits, $3,500 in 1827; aggregate to June 30, 1883, $1,468,854. 
White and variegated marbles found in Spartanburgh and Laurens 
counties. 

Population, 995,577: male, 490,408; female, 505,169; native, 987,891; 
foreign, 7,686; white, 391,105; colored, 604,332; Chinese, 9; Indians, 
131. Number persons per square mile, 33. Slaves, 1860, 403,406. 

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first 
Monday in November; State Senators, 35; Representatives, 124; ses- 
sions annual, meeting fourth Tuesday in November; limit of ses- 
sion, none; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. 

Number electoral votes, 9; number voters, 205,789; colored, 
118,889; native white, 82,910; foreign white, 3,990. Insane. 
Inmates of asylums, alms-houses and prisons, U. S. army and 
duelists excluded from voting. 

Namber colleges, 9; school population, 282,279 ; school age, 6-H. 

Legal interest rate, 7 ; by ccstract, any rate. 



ATLAS OF THE WOE LB. 



109 



MAP OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 




110 



JTLAS OF THE WORLD. 



GEORGIA. 



JQr'je-a. 

" Empire State of the South." 

Farthest south and latest settled of the thirteen original States; 
named in honor of George 11., King of England; settled by En- 
glish at Savannah, 17^3; seceded Jan., 1861; re-admitted Dec, 1870. 

Ai'ea, 59,475 square miles; extreme length, 820 miles; extreme 
breadth, 254 miles; coast line, 480 miles; number harburs, 3. Sa- 
vannah, Ogeechee, Altamaha, Satilla, St. Mary's, Flint, Chattahoo- 
chee and U pper Coosa are navigable rivers. Number counties, 137. 

Temperature at Augusta: wmter, 46° to 52°; summer, 79° to 83'. 
Rainfall at Savannah, 48 iuches. 

Savannah, Brunswick end St. Mary's are ports of entry. Savan- 
nah, chief seaport; pop., 21,891. Columbus contains largest cotton 
mill in the South; pop., 10,123. Atlanta is capital; pop., 37,409. 
Andersonville, seat of largest rebel prison during the Kebellion. 

Number farms. 1860, 62,003 ; 1880, 138,626 . Average value per 
acre, cleared land, $6.98; woodland, $5.45. 73 per cent, of labor- 
ers engaged in agriculture; rural income, $155 per individual. 



Salaries of State 
Ofiicers. 

Governor $3,000 

Seo'y of State.. 2,000 

Treasurer 2,000 

Compt'UerGen 2,000 
Attorney Gen.. 2,000 
Com'rAgricult. 2,500 
Chief Justice.. 2,500 
Asso. Justices.. 2.500 
Senators, ) $ipr.day 
Represen > and 

tatives. ) mileage. 
8 Dist. Judges.. 8,500 
D.Supt.R'y Ser. 2,500 
Collectors I 2,500 

Inter. Rev. f to 3,125 
24 Deputy \ 300 

Collectors ) to 1,700 
Customs ) 1,000 

Surveyor )& fees. 





FARMS OF FIV 
OVER Dec 
FLORIDA 
ARKANSAS 
W. VIRGINIA r 
LOUISIANA r 


E HUNDRED ACRES AND 
UPIED BY OWNERS. 

PI 96T 
1 ' ' 1 9,132 






1 'i,719 






1 3,026 






MISSOURI Y~ 


1 3,735 






TENNESSEE! 


1 4,109 






KENTUCKYJ 


1 4^626 






3>CAR0Lir^A 


1 4,812 






mississif(pi 


1 5,276 






VIRQINl4 


1 6.658 






AUBAMitl 


1 5,91S 






N.bAR0l.lNA 


1 6,055 






T^XAS 


9,0^1 






|3E0RGIA 


9,640] 






. ' 





Presidential P. O. 

Albany 81,600 

Americus 1,600 

Athens .,. 1,900 

Atlanta..., 3,300 

Augusta 2,800 

Brunswick 1,700 

Columbus 2,500 

Cuthbert 1,500 

Dalton 1,400 

Gainesville.. . 1,500 

Griffin 1,600 

Macon. 2,700 

Madison 1,500 

Marietta 1,500 

Rome 2,300 

Savannah 3,200 

Thomasville. - . 1,600 

13 0mces...}t^;;gJ 



Sheep on farms, Jan., 1884, 543,415. Corn crop, 1884, 30,925,000 
bu.; wheat, 3,130,000; oats, 6,270,000 bu.; cotton, 760,000 bales. 
Latest reported rice crop, 25,369,687 lbs.; sweet potatoes, 4,397,778 
bu. ; tobacco, 228,590 Iba.; wool, 1,289,560 pounds. Ranks second 
in rice and sweet potatoes, third in cotton and molasses, fourth in 
sugar, seventh in mules, tenth in hogs. 

Gold production, 1793-1888, $8,043,250. Latest mining reports 
give 100,000 tons coal and 91,416 tons iron ore. 

Population, 1,542,180: male, 763,981; female, 779,199; native, 
1,531,616; foreign, 10,564; white, 816,906; colored, 725,133; Chinese, 
17; Indians, 124. State elections, first Wednesday in October; 
congressional and presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in 
November; number Senators, 44; Representatives. 175; se^-sions 
biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in 
November; limit of session, 40 days, unless extended by special 
votn; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. 

Number electoral votes, 12 ; number voters, 821,438 ; colored, 
143,471; native white, 172,044; foreign white, 5,923. Idiots, insane, 
criminals and non-taxpayers excluded from voting. 

Number colleges, 7; State University at Athens, organized 1801; 
public schools excellent; school age, 6-18. 

N o State license law governing commercial travelers; but Atlanta, 
Athenp, Augusta and Savannah exact a tax. 

i^egal interest, 7; by contract, 8; usury forfeits excess of interest. 



ATLAS OF TEE WORLD. 



Ill 



MAP OF GEORGIA. 



lougitude 850 VfustI ttom gi^o Greenwich 
JkTorris' 












AshevilleXincolnton 
Waynes V^PuttetfofBtoa 
WebiWr -At N^ 

_ Chafllnlt" 



Gpartanbur th 
iCheslerV 



VcVdaToi'^'Xs'i^"^ /Slorganto-^f^e'jnjJEThana'^' bv,^ Green Y 



frolltoD 
" •• !y./GreeneVT iVp K?^*^'""\(>f^P"^^- %A *^55<?S. Barnwell 



-^■ 



rs'-'JA 






*<5o^ StatesbO^'Ugl 
^aXa^ -«''-^"'^ S^'^an.: 

^V. iiSt.BainhiidEe^ 
3^ V°" IT ^<N>^ ^Montiee'fl o 

j?wis..., . _ , ^ 

Ui-Ouso 





j(03ta OKEFEJldKE 

Green Co\ye Spr.j 



-40^-^' 



itan3.,MoNaUy ^ Co., Chicago, 




%J^^' OcaiaU? 
^8]t^gfr^ni Wash. 



113 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



rLUrvlDA. " Peninsula state." 

DiBCOverer landed on Easter Sunday, or " Flowery Easter;" hence 
the name. 

Settled by Spaniards at St, Augustine, 1565 ; organized as a Terri- 
tory, 1822; admitted as a State, 1845; seceded 1861; re-admitted, 
1868. 

• Area, 58,680 square miles; coastline, 1,146 miles, 472 being on 
Atlantic ; length, north and eouih, 350 miles ; length, east and 
west, 340 miles; mean width of peninsula, 100 miles; greatest 
elevation, 250 feet. Number counties, 39. 

Temperature at Jacksonville: winter, 55° to 61°; summer, 80° to 
83°, Rainfall at Fort Myers, 57 inches. 

Key West, the metropolis, and has good harbor and naval station ; 
pop., 9,890, Jacksonville, an important commercial point; pop,, 
7.650. St. Augustine, oldest town in United States. Tallahassee, 
the capital. Pop. Pensacola, 6,845. 

Number farms, 23,438; owned by State, 15,000,000 acres; value 
per acre, cleared land, $9.48; woodland, $3.03 ; swamp, $1; school 
lands, $1.25. 



Salaries of State 
Officers. 

Governor $3,.')00 

Lieut. Gov 600 

Sec'yof State.. 2,000 

Treasurer 2.000 

Comptroller 2,000 

Attorney Gen.. 2,000 
Supt. Pub. Ins.. 2,000 
Adjutant Gen... 2,000 

Land Com' r 1,200 

Chief Justice . . 3,500 
2ASSO. Justices 3,000 
Senators, ) .^6 a day 
Represen- >• and 10c. 

tatives. . ) a mile. 
2 Dist. Judges.. 3,.500 
Col. Int. Rev. . . 3,000 
Surveyor Gen. . 1,800 
Chief Clerk..., 1,600 



COMPARATIVE YEARLY FARM 
PRODUCTS. 




CORN 

3,70S,<i00 
bush- 



RrE 
3,424'buih 



POTATOES 
10.848'bu. 



Draftsman $1,200 

38 Lighthouse) 370 
■•.) 



Keepers, 



to 820 



Presidential P, O. 

Cedar Keys. . . .$1,300 

DeLand 1,300 

Eustis 1,000 

Fernandina — 1,C00 

Gainesville.. .. 1,600 

Jacksonville . . . 2,800 

Ke-^West 1,600 

Ocala 1,500 

Orlando 1,500 

Palatka 1,800 

Pensacola 2,200 

St. Augustine... 1,700 

Sanford 1,600 

Tallahassee .... 1,700 

Tampa 1,400 



Corn most vaUiable crop, returns of 1884, 3,837,200 bushels; oats 
494,000 bu.; cotton, 60,000 bales; latcpt reported tobacco, 24,239 
pounds; rice, 1,294,677 pounds; peaches, 89,028 bushels; sugar, 
1,278 hogsheads; honey, 210,357 pounds; molasses, 1,029,568 gallons. 
Over 3,000,000 orange trees planted since 1870, and millions of 
oranges exported yearly. 

Latest reported fisheries, $78,408; limiber products, $3,060,291; 
oysters, 20,000 bushels. 

Ranks third in sugar and molasses, sixth in rice, tenth in cotton. 

Population, 209,493: male, 136,444; female. 133.049; native, 259 584; 
foreign, 9,909; white, 142,005; colored, 120,690; Indians, 180; slaves, 
1860, 61,745. 

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first 
Monday in November; number Senators, 32; Representatives, 76; 
sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meuiing 
Tuesday after first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days 
term of Senators, 4 years ; of Representatives, 2 years. 

Number electoral votes, 4; number voters, 61.099; colored, 27,489 
native white, 30,351; foreign white, 3,859. Idiots, insane, crimi 
nals, betters on elections and duelists excluded from voting. 

School population, 88,677; enrolled in public schools, 39,315 
echool age, 4-21.— Legal interest rate, 8; by contract, any rate, 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



113 



MAP OF FLORIDA. 




114 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



ALABAMA. Alabah'mah. 

Name derived from an Indian word signifying, " Here we r«8t." 

Settled near Mobile Bay by Frenchi, 1702; admitted as a State, 
1819; seceded 1861; re-admitted 1868. 

Area, 52,250 square miles, same as North Carolina; length, 830 
miles; average breadth, 154 miles; seacoast, about 60 miles. Inland 
steam navigation about 1,500 miles; Mobile the only seaport. 
Number counties, 66. 

Temperature at Augusta: winter, 46° to 52°; summer, 79° to 83". 
Eainfall at Huntsville, 55 inches. July the hottest month. Fruit 
trees blossom February 1st to March let. 

Montgomery, capital; pop., 16,713. Huntsville, the northern 
trade centre: pop., 4,977. Selma, an important railroad centre; 
pop., 7,529. Mobile, metropolis; pop., 29,132. 

Number farms, 135,864. Average value per acre, cleared land, 
$6.53; woodland, $4.08. Sugar product, 94 hogsheads; molasses, 
795,199 gallons; tobacco crop, 1882,475,456 lbs.; hay, 10,882 acres, 
or 12,513 tons; oats, 1884, 405,830 acres, or 5,015,000 bu.; com, 
30,197,000 bu. ; cotton, 661,000 bales. 

Number industries, 2,070; flour and grist mills, 807; saw mills, 354. 
Total capital invested, $9,668,008; value products, $13,565,504. 



PERSONS ENGAC lO IN /lORICUL- 
TURE. 




Presidential P. O. 



Anniston , 

Birmingham.. 

Eufaula 

Florence 

Gadsden 

Greenville 

Huntsville 

Marion 

Mobile 

Montgomery.. 

OpeliKa 

Selma 

Talladega 

Troy 

Tuscaloosa 

Union Springs 

Uniontown 

6 Postoflfices... 



$1,400 
. 2,600 
. 1,800 
. 1,200 
. 1,300 
. 1,100 
. 1,800 
. 1,500 
. 8,100 
. 2,700 

1,500 
. 2,500 

1,500 
. 1,800 

1,700 
. 1,100 
. 1,100 
. 1,000 



Salaries of State 

Oflacers, 

Governor. .-. .$3,000 

Seo'yof State.. 1,800 

Treasurer 2,150 

Auditor 1,800 

Attorney Gen.. 1,500 
Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,250 

Librarian 1,500 

8 R. R. Com- ) 2,000 

ralssloners ) to 3,500 
Chief Justice.. 3,000 
2 Asso. Justices 8,000 
Senators, ) $i pr. day 
Represen >- and 20c 

tatives i mileage. 

S Dist. Judges.. 3,500 

2 Colls.Int. Rev. 2,500 

16 Colls. Int. ) 1,000 

Revenue.. ) to l.iOO 

Mineral region in northeast corner, extending southwest, about 
160 miles, with average width of about 80 miles; contains three 
distinct coalfields, area over 5,000 square miles, and beds, 1 to 8 feet 
thick; limestone, sandstone, and iron ore near the coal. 

Eanks fourth in cotton, fifth in mules and molasses, sixth in 
sugar, seventh in rice and iron ore. 

Population, 1,362,505: male, 622,629; female, 639,876; native, 
1,2.52,771; foreign, 9,734; white, 662,185; colored, 600, 107; Indians, 
213; slaves, 1860, 435,080. 

State elections biennial, first Monday in August; congressional 
and presidential, Tuesday after first Monday in November; num- 
ber Senators, 33; Representatives, 100; sessions of legislature bien- 
nial, in even-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after second Mon- 
day in November ; limit of session, 50 days ; term of Senators, 4 
years; of Representatives, 2 years. 

Number of electoral votes, 10; number of voters, 262,737; colored, 
118,423; native white, 136,058; foreign white, 8,256. Indians, idiots 
and persons convicted of crime excluded from votmg. 

Number colleges, 4; school population, 401,002; school age, 7-21. 

Legal Interest rate, 8; usury forfeits entire interest. 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



116 



MAP OP ALABAMA. 



Pulaski S 



l86<3 



IDecher3i 

S S lE'-JS 



Ci, 



atfa 






Waterloo ^ / mitmoat J -^*"' 2fa'*e« 3riage^orj|*-^ 
:o^* Florence \ >»v -jJoy«»'"^ '-kV/ 'J 



t 



Tuscurnbia ^""^T;?"*** 
JBeeson o ^ri>%r "7, xxJChi^^-K 



Hunta"Tj 



(vtle^ 



e|Aon35a^ton.j 

t2b<yA O 



•■*e 






CO 



ChdT^J}'uf Cifllma'nV " f. CrM*«i7?cy(?a^7e^ ^ 

, Clear CrTFaTls o ^'"""X'^7^^*^"''>2ve!^en * "'^ 
Detroit -»>,..« I C^J^f %•• o /Cro(ss Plam^„^v>- 



S40. ^ —v., ^.. :Blount Spr. 



\rokenMjTo 



7} 



onistoo/ 



o Sta^orS 
i CarrnUion 



'Ozmoor, 



5<;^ "~~Oxfora 

VAlirbainalFi] 

■ILamar°\ 



IH\» 



J i_..^nc^ Martin'^ 



bnesbor»ij { ' tE»Y*^ 

Juscaccr^/^::^ \ C-^^^^feheT^-y g PGood Wajer \ , 

■3IontevaUQr pronTWorks r-l Al»xan4'er „ iS, ,, 

^Jffa^Mrj^Acroa^au-aolpTi\ W^^on V^J)a-aenr.| 

iV\E^c<tco y Opelik>yL-?aNm. 

**^"^ -3 _ / rhfthftw 

•■^T^X^ Girara 

Ada ^^^Nxrrr 

'aio ^4(^^^-SternngJJ {^amdelUnow Um7 CUna Gr° */^^!l|atc3/ hH 
^(TSR'ettleboroTt ^/ /Greenville r-T^Clajton o^ 

I A V I 'If " fJ ° Andalusia C °JS'fiWton 

'A L J, ^Hummock I / -..^j^ Conecuh Biver 

iCitroftKlle-,, gO ynw-vZ,^ < 

oij r -riomatonAad>l7*|°'* Geneval 

i^^^aruey j f -^ ' -j- 

j-.M,/TS ^7 ^1/ ^w^ 



ilufaul^ 



P/ickosbura h 
Gordon ' 




116 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



MISSISSIPPI. 



Mis'sis-sip'pl. 

«• The Bayou State/' 



Name of Indian origin, signifying "Father of 'Waters." 

First permanent settlement at Natchez, 1716; admitted 1817; se- 
ceded 1861 ; re-admitted 1870. 

Area, 40,810 square miles; extreme length, 3-32 miles; extreme 
breadth, 189 miles; mean breadth, 142 miles; gulf frontage, includ- 
ing irreguia'iti''S and islands, 287 miles; harbors at Pascagoula, 
Biloxi, Mississippi City and iShieldsborough. Number counties, 74. 

Temperature at Vicksburg: winter, 47° to 56° ; summer, 80° to 83°. 
Rainfall, Natchez, 54 inches. 

Jackson, the capital; pop., 5,204. Natchez, an important ship- 
ping point; pop., 7,058. Vicksburg, an extensive cotton market; 
pop., 11,814. 

Railroad mileage, 1844, 26; Jan. 1, 1886, 1,947. 

Number farms, 101,772. Average value per acre: cleared land, 
$7.88; woodland, $3.78. 

Latest reports give 3,501 acres in rice; sugarcane, 4,555 acres; 
tobacco, 1,595 acres; corn, 1,889,600 acres; cotton, 847,000 bales; 
Bweet potatoes, 3,610,6(iObu.; wine, 209,845 gals.; molasses, 536,625 
gals.; bales cotton used, 6,411; looms, 704; spindles, 26,172. 



Salaries of State 
OflQ-cers. 

Governor $4,000 

Lieut.Gov 800 

Sec'yof State.. 2,o00 

Treasurer 2,-500 

Auditor 2,500 

Atty. (General.. 2,.'50O 
Supt. Pub. Edu. 2,000 
Com'r Agricult. 1,000 
Land Com'r.... 1,000 
Adjutant Gen.. 500 

Librarian 800 

Chief Justice. . . 3,500 
% Asso. Justices 3,500 

RemSt- i ^*00 «- 

^i?ivll^.*: j y^'^^ 

t Dist. Judges.. 3,500 
Col. Int. Rev... 2,750 



NO. OF YDS. OF CLOTH MANUFAC- 
rUftED IN THE eOUTHERN STATES 



ARKANSAS ^J 

TENNESSEE fgrg 




Presidential P. O. 

Aberdeen $1,500 

Brookhaven 1,300 

Canton 1,500 

Columbus 1,800 

Corinth 1,500 

Greenville 1,600 

Grenada 1,400 

Holly Springs.. 1,500 

Jackson 2,300 

Kosciusko 1,200 

Meridian 2,100 

Natchez 2,100 

Okolona 1,300 

Oxford 1,600 

Vicksburgh 2,500 

West Point 1,300 

Winona 1,200 

Yazoo City 1,400 

6P.O. $1,100 and 1,000 



Forest area very large; pine, oak, chestnut, walnut and magnolia 
trees grow on uplands and bluffs, and long-leafed pine on inlands 
and in sandy regions of the south; cotton lands mostly in Yazoo 
and Mississippi bottoms. 

Ranks second in cotton, fifth in rice, sixth in mules and molasses, 
Beventh in sugar. 

Population, 1,131,597: male, 567,177; female, 564,420; native, 
1,122,388; foreign, 9,209 ; white, 479,398; colored, 650,291; Chinese, 
61; Indians, 1,857; slaves, 1860, 436,631. 

Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature 
•very two years ; State, congressional and presidential elections, 
Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. ; sessions of legislature bien- 
nial, in even-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after first Monday 
in January ; limit of session, none; number Senators, 37; Represent- 
atives, 120; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, S years. 

Number electoral votes, fl; number voters, 238,532; colored, 
130,178; native white, 102,580; foreign white, 5,674. Idiots, insane 
and criminals excluded from voting. 

Number colleges, 3 ; school population, 444,131 ; school age, 5-21. 

Legal interest, 6; by contract, 10; usury forfeits exg«88 of int. 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



Ill 



MAP OF MISSISSIPPI. 



XoDgY 



Brii 



\Ttofa' 9 1 '^IreenwislTj) 

>rrest 





.*N • 



. ySp 

_loldwater 
'^op^^>- o f,S Senatobia 




AsKlanarRjen^j/luk^ 
Ripley fe ^ ^ I Jacinto 



I .\«-<.riJ%fcc^./ Oxford N.Albanv? I 



^. 



°Vin(pn 



RoseaWl> K&mn LakeU/^^^^S'''^^ A Aberdeen 

■Areola jMarcella V/eit/Mlh ^,y^j\ . .„ I \n3v 

iWahalak^ ' 
■N^y^y Scoobai • 

® Dc-Kalbs, ^1 f . 
,f hiladelphia Kl *^ 

^-.^ I,-, x ,1 -i^nonn ^ 'J^«'-« ^- LauderdaW ■,.. 
^uioud^.v7jV->:BrandonJo rr.«;o« i/ Is 



StotJ^. V 
Ar 



/Flora\ 






Gd.Gff 



Wesson 13 ^l . ? ffl » ^*1J^ 

^ !• J /O^Wlamsbaigh^Y ) XWaynes 

aaninacon erlrooiAyhavcn ^\lSlisvi?ll^S S 

M^.lvWU / ® Y^IonticelloS t /^TX? BucatunnJ'^ 

tejj3itii7?e jSogiie CfiVtco ^-\S7 C V 

rWoSdv..lle\% .X>fc.;ty)/i£f;oU^^%^ #u«us\3^at^s| 



iGtlM 



^ . !«eates5) J A . 
■^"3 iiOsyta ^Vj;riKj[o(7„«a„/Talowa"h' ^ o W X,| J,\^ 



inton5 



ScitLE OF Miles. 



. ^ , Poplarvills yC'^ossi 



A 



^(^/ Stonewall .£^^ j,j-„ 
.Gaines V. c^t -Pt] 



118 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



LOUISIANA. 



Loo-ee-ze-ah'na. 
"Creole State." 



Named in honor of Louis XTV., King of France, when Louisiana 
was first colonized; first permanent settlement made by French 
at New Orleans, 1718: admitted 1812; seceded January, 1861; re- 
admitted June, 1868. 

Area, 48,7,'0 square miles; greatest length, east and west, 800 
miles; breadth, ^40 miles; coast line, 1,256 miles; internal water 
communication, 2,500 miles; number counties, 58. 

Temperature at New Orleans: winter, 53° to 61°; summer, 81* 
to 83°: rainfall, 51 inches. 

New Orleans, metropolis, port of entry and largest cotton mar- 
ket in the world; pop., 216,090; capital until 1847, and again from 
1868 to 1881. Baton Rouge, capital ; pop., 7, 197. Pop. Shreveport, 
8j009. Morgan City, port of entry. State institution for insane at 
Jackson; for deaf mutes and blind, Baton Rouge. 

Number farms, 1860, 17,328; 18T0, 28,481; 1880, 48,293. Average 
value per acre, cleared land, $14.33; woodland, S3.53; 57 percent. 
of laborers are engaged in agriculture; rural income, per cap- 
ita, $209. Latest statistics give 312,000 bu. salt ; 1,318,110 bu. sweet 
potatoes; 175,000 acres sugarcane; 122,989 hhds. sugar; 11,696,248 
gals, molasses; 23,188,311 lbs. rice; corn crop, 1884, 11,007,000 bu.; 
acreage of oats, 85,119, producing 404,000 bu. ; cotton, 995,000 bales. 

Col. Inter. ReTS3,875 
Surveyor Gen.. 1,800 
Chf. Draftsman 1,500 
Siipt. of Mint... 3,500 
Chief Clerk.... 2,000 
Cashier 2,000 

Presidential P. O. 



GALLONS OF MOLASSES PRODUCED 
IN 1880. 

LOUISIANA k J 

C ^ 133,944 



Salaries of State 
Officers. 

Governor $4,000 

Lieut. 6ov.i|8pr day- 
Treasurer 2,000 

Sec'y of State . 1,800 

Auditor 2,500 

Attorney Gen.. 8,000 
Adjutant Gen. 2,000 

Supt. Pub. Inst 2,000 "^X^ ^ ' y^ — -^ Alexandria ^1,800 

Com'rofAgr. ( n nAA CklkTi kJ^M Baton Rouge.... 1,700 

and Immig. | "'""" ^~-_>1 — Donaldsonville 1,400 

Chief Justice... 5,000 Franklin 1,100 

4 Asso. Justices 5,000 I. .) ^ ' Lake Charles.. 1,300 

Senators, ) Jiprday 795199 \^^J 810,605 Monroe 1,400 

Represen- V and ^ . niT^Toia r- — -^ New Iberia 1,500 

tatives.... ) mileage (GA.Jl xi,«>yb,.!is (TFU.) New Orleans... 8,700 
2 District ) 3,500 — — Opelousas 1,100 

Judges ) 4,500 ] 5(55,7»i l,029,8tfe Plaquemlne 1,200 

CoL of Cus-I 7nnn L J C J^ Shreveport 2,200 

toms, N. O. S ''""" 1 / — I Thibodeaux. ■ . . 1,300 

Ranks first in sugar and molasses, third in rice, seventh in 
cotton, ninth in salt. Total number industries, 1,553; capital in- 
vested, $11,462,468; value prodticts, $24,205,183. 

Population, 939,946: male, 468,754; female, 471.192; native, 885,- 
800; foreign, 54,146; white, 454,954; colored, 483,655; Chinese, 489; 
Indians, 848; slaves, 1860,831,726. Legislature and State officers 
elected quadrennially: members Congress, biennially. State elec- 
tions, Tuesday after third Monday in April; ntmiber Senators, S6; 
Representatives, 98; sessions biennial, in even-numbered years, 
meeting second Monday in May; limit of session, 60 days; terms 
of Senators and Representatives, 4 years each. 

Number electoral votes, 8; number voters, 216,787; colored, 107,- 
977 ; native white, 81,777 ; foreign white, 27,033. Idiots, insane and 
criminals excluded from voting. 

bugar cane first cultivated in the United States, near New Or- 
leans, 1751, and first sugar mill u-sed 1758. 

Exports, 1882, $90,238,503; imports, $10,611,353; duties collected, 
$3,048,804; railroad mileage, Jan. 1, 1886, 1,397. 

Lepfal interest, 5; by contract, 8; usury forfeitB entire interest. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



119 



MAP OF LOUISIANA. 




ISO 



ATLAS OF TEE WOULD. 



TEXAS, 



**IiOne Star State.*' 

Origin of name not definitely known ; euppoeed by 8om« to 
hare been name of Indian tribe. 

First settlement by French on the Lavaca, 1685 ; admitted 1845 ; 
seceded February, 1861 ; re-admitted 1868. 

Area, 265,780 pqxiare miles ; extreme length, 825 miles ; extreme 
treadth, 740 miles; coastline, 400 miles; number counties, 230. 
Temperature at tiaWeston : winter, 83° to 63°; summer, 82° to 
84°. Eainfall at Fort Brown, 33 inches. 

Brownsville, El Paso, Indianola and Galveston are ports of entry. 
Houston, important railroad centre ; pop., 16,513. Galveston, 
metropolis, has best harbor, and is chief shipping point ; pop., 
82,248. Austin, the capital ; pop., 11,013. San Antonio, oldeet 
town ; pop 20,550. Pop. Dallas, 10,358. 

Number farms, 174,184 ; average value per acre, cleared land, 
88.98; woodland, $4. 

Cotton most valuable crop; acreage, 1883, 3,034,982; crop, 1,118,000 
bales. Latest reported products, 4,951 hhds. sugar, 13,000 bbls. 
molasses, 1,460,079 bu. sweet potatoes, 5.560,600 bu. wheat, 
60,290,000 bu. corn, 35,528 gals, wine, 13,899,320 lbs. batter, 
50,600 bu. salt, 8,600 tons iron ore; coal area, 6,000 square miles. 



Salaries of State 
Of&cers. 

Governor $4,000 

Lieut. Gov. $5 a day 
Sec'y of Statd . 2,000 

Treasurer 2,500 

Attorney Gen.. 3,000 
A.djutantGfcn.. 2,000 

Land Com 2,500 

Railroad Com.. 3,000 
Chief Justice.. 8,500 
B Asso. Justices 3,600 
Senators, ) $5 a day 
Represen- > and 

tatives . ) mileag'e. 
8 Dist. Judges.. 8,500 
Colls. Inter. ) 2,600 

Revenue. . ) to 2,750 
17 Deputy 1 300 

Collectors J to 1,850 



TOTAL CULTIVATED, UNCULTI- 
VATED AND TIMBER LAND. 




Presidential P. O. 

Austin $3,000 

Brenham 1,900 

Corsicana 1,900 

Dallas 3,000 

Denison City . . 8,200 

ElPaso 2.100 

Fort Worth.... 2,700 

Gainesville 1,900 

Galveston 3,200 

Houston 3,000 

Laredo 8,000 

Marshall 2,000 

Palestine 2,400 

San Antonio... 2,800 

Sherman 2,800 

Waco 8,500 

5* Offices..! t„};g5 

7 Offices 1,000 



Cotton picking, July to December ; corn planting, middle of Feb- 
ruary ; grain harvest. May ; corn harvest, July. 

Ranks first in cattle and cotton; second in sugar, sheep, mnles 
and horses; sixth in miles railway; seventh in milch cows ; eightll 
in rice and hogs. 

Value flouring and grist mill products, $7,617,177; sawed lumber, 
f3,673,449; total number industries, 2,996; capital invested, $9,245,- 
561 ; value products, $20,719,928. 

Pop., 1,591.749: male, 837.840 ; female, 768,909 ; native, 1,477,133; 
foreign, 114,616 ; white, 1,197,237 ; colored, 393,384 ; Chinese, 138; 
Indians, C9i. 

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 
first Monday in November; number Senators, 31 ; Representativei, 
106 ; sessions of legislature biennial, In odd-numbered years, 
meeting second Tuesday in January ; limit of session, 60 daya; 
term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. 

Number electoral votes, 13 : number voters, 880,376. U. S. army, 
lunatics, idiots, paupers and convicts excluded from roting. 

Number colleges, 10 ; school pop., 285,344; school age, 8-11, 

Legal interest, 8; by contract, 12; usury forfeits entire interest. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



131 



MAP OF TEXAS. 




id^ 



ATLAS OF TBB WORLD. 



ARKANSAS. 



Ar'kan-gaw. 
"Bear State." 



Name of Indian origin, signifying "Smolcy Water," with prefix 
from French meaning " Bow." 

Settled at Arkansas Post by French, 1685 ; became a Territory, 
1819 ; admitted as a State, 1836 ; seceded March 4, 1861 ; re- 
admitted 1868. 

Area, 53,850 square miles ; length, north and south, 240 miles ; 
breadth, from 170 to 250 miles; Mississippi river frontage, about 
400 miles. Number counties, 75. 

Temperature at Little Rock: winter, 42° to 51° ; summer, 79° to 
82°. Rainfall, at Fort Smith, 40 in. : and at Washington, 55 In. 

Hot Springs, in Garland county, famous for valuable medicinal 
springs ; temperature of water, over 140°, Little Rock, the capital 
and metropolis ; population, 13,138. 

Number farms, 94,433. Average value per acre, clearfed land, 
$11.78; woodland, $3.48. 

Com crop, 1884, 32,465,000 bushels; wheat, 1,885,000 bushels; 
cotton, 513,000 bales. Latest reported tobacco crop, 1,952,878 
pounds; oats, 3,542,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 881,260 bushels. 
Ranks sixth in cotton, and ninth in mules. 

I Presidential P. O. 

Arkadelphia. . .$1,200 

Batesville 2,200 

Camden 1,200 

Dardanelle 1,000 

Eureka Springs 1,700 
Fayetteville.... 1,500 

Forest City 1,000 

Fort Smith 2,000 

Helena 1,800 

Hope 1,400 

Hot Springs.... 2,400 
Jonesborough.. 1,100 

Little Rock 2,800 

Newport 1,400 

Pine Bluff 1,800 

Prescott L,100 

Texarkana 2,000 

VanBuren 1,300 



COMPARATIVE VALUE OF t-ARM "' 
CROPS. 



WMIS WMEA 

L^y CORN L^y 



$1,597,065 




A «15.863,514 A 



$521,974 



$376,844 



Salaries of State 
Oflacers. 

Governor $3,500 

Sec'y of State., 1,800 

Treasurer 2,250 

Auditor.. 2,250 

Attorney Gen.. 1,500 
Supt.Pub.Inst'n 1,600 

Land Com'r 1,800 

Chief Justice... 3,000 
2 Asso. Justices 3,000 
Senators, ) 
Represen- !- $6 a day. 

tatives. ) 
2Dist. Judges.. 3,500 
Dist. Atty. S200& fees 
2Asst. Dist. ( $1,200 

Attys ) 1,000 

Col. Int. Rev.. 2,750 
10 Deputy l 1,200 
Collectors )to 1,500' 

Number different industries, 2,070; for tar and turpentine, 26; 
sawing lumber, 354; flour and grist, 807. 

Coalalong Arkansas river; iron ores in Oeark Mountains; salt 
springs near Ouachita; oilstone near Hot Springs; kaolin in Pulaski 
county. 

Population, 802,525; male, 416,879; female, 886,246; native, 
792,175; foreign, 10,350; white, 591,531; colored, 210,666; Chinese. 
133; Indians, 195; slaves, 1860, 111,115. 

State elections biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first 
Monday in September; congressional and presidential elections, 
Tuesday after first Monday'in November; number Senators, 31; 
Representatives, 94; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-num- 
bered years, meeting second Monday in January; limit of session, 
60 days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. 

Numberelectoral votes, 7; number voters, 182,977; native white, 
129,675; foreign white, 6,475; colored. 40,827. Idiots, Indians, 
and persons convicted of crime excluded from voting. 

Number colleges, 5; school population, 289,617; school age, 6-31. 

Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 10; usury forfeits principal 
and interest. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



123 



MAP OF ARKANSAS. 




1«4 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



MISSOURI. 



MiB-soo'ree. 

•« The Pennsylvania of the West/* 

Name signifies "Mud River/' and was taken from that of the 
river of same name. First settled at Ste. Genevieve by the French, 
1755 ; organized as a Territory, 1812; admitted 1881. 

Area, 69,415 square miles, nearly that of combined area of New 
England States; length, north and south, 275 miles; average 
breadth, 245 miles : Mississippi river frontage, nearly 500 miles; 
number counties, 115. 

Temperature at St. Louis: winter, 30° to 43°; summer, 75° to 80°; 
rainfall, 42 inches. 

St. Louis, largest city west of the Mipsissippi, port of entry and 
great commercial and manufacturing point ; pop., 350.518. Capital, 
Jefferson City; pop., 5,271. Pop. St. Joseph, 32,431; of Kansas 
City,— Chicago of the West,— 55,787. 

Number farms, 215,575; average value per acre, cleared land, 
$14.52; woodland, $8.25. 

Com crop, 1884, 197,850,000 bu.; wheat, 27,500,000 bu.; oats, 80,- 
774,000 bu.; potatoes, 1883, 6,535,570 bu. ; tobacco, 10,540,000 lbs. 



Salaries of State 
Oflacers. 

Governor $5,000 

Sec'yof State.. 3,000 

Treasurer 3,000 

Auditor 3,000 

Attorney Gen.. 3.000 
Adjutant Gen.. 2,000 
Bupt.Pub.Sch'la 3,000 
Register Lands 3,000 
3Railr'dCom'rs 3,000 
Supt. Ins. Dep't 4,000 
Chief Justice... 4,500 
Senators, ) S5aday& 
Represen- v mileage 

tatives. ) and $30 
2 Dist. Judges.. 3,500 
6 Collectors \ 2,250 

Int. Rev.. ) to 4,500 
Surveyor of 

Cust., St. L. 



5,000 



ANNUAL VALOE OF LEAD ORE 

MINED. 



IOWA, ILLINOIS, 

a D 

$]9,n2- 430,200 



VIROINIA, 
$33,000 

a 



KANSAS. 
$480,980 



WISCONSIN 
$78,525 



D 



MISSOURI, 
$1,478,571 



Presidential P. O. 

Carthage $2,300 

Chillicothe 1,800 

Clinton 1,800 

Columbia 1,900 

Hannibal 2,500 

Jefferson City.. 2,100 

Joplin 1,800 

Kansas City — 3,600 

Louisiana 1,800 

Maryville 1,800 

Mexico 1,900 

Moberly 1,900 

Nevada 1,800 

Saint Joseph... 3,200 

Saint Louis 6,000 

Sedalia 2,600 

Springfield 2,400 

Warrensburgh 1,800 
60 P. O...l,700 to 1,000 



Latest reports give 543,990 tons coal; iron ore, 886,197 tons, valued 
at $1,674,875; marble and limestone, 4,419,800 cubic feet. Lead Is 
found in southwest, centre and southeast, having area of over 
5,000 square miles. 

Latest reported stock on farms: horses, 701,702; milch cows, 
674,565; cattle other than cows and oxen, 1,410,507; sheep, 1,4S9,880; 
swine, 4,087,566. Hogs packed winter 1881-82, 804,239. 

Ranks first in mules; third in oxen, hogs, corn and coppe/; 
sixth in iron ore, milch cows and horses: seventh in oats; eighth in 
wheat and tobacco ; ninth in railroad mileage, sheep and potatoes. 

Population, 2,168,880; male, 1,127,187; female, 1,041,193; native, 
1,956,802; foreign, 211,578; white, 2,022,826; colored, 145,350; Chinese, 
91; Indians, 113. 

Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature 
every two years. State, congressional and presidential elections, 
Tuesday after Ist Monday in November; number Senators, 84; 
Representatives, 141 ; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-num- 
bered years, meeting Wednesday after January 1st ; limit of session, 
70 days; term of Senators, 4 years ; Representatives, 2 years. Num- 
ber electoral votes, 16; number voters, 541,207. U. S. army and 
Inmates of asylums, poorhouses and prisons, excluded from voting. 

Number colleges, 17; school population, 741,632: school age, 6-30. 

Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 10; usury forfeits entire interest. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



135 



MAP OF MISSOURI. 




1S6 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



1 lI/rliNjiOOrjij. "Big Bend State.»» 

Name derived from "Tannassee," Indian name for Little Ten- 
nessee river. First permanent settlement, 1756, on Tennessee river, 
about 80 miles from present site of Knoxville; first Anglo-American 
Bettlement west of tlie AUeglianiea and eouili of Pennsylvania; ad- 
mitted 1845; seceded February, 1861 ; re-admitted 1868. 
' Area, 42,050 square miles, nearly that of Virginia ; greatest length, 
east and west, 432 miles; greatest breadth, 109 miles. Number 
counties, 96. 

Temperature at Nashville: winter, 37° to 48° ; summer, 75° to 81°. 
Rainiall at Memphis, 45 inches. 

Nashville, capital and metropolis, also most wealthy and prosper- 
ous city ; population, 43,350. Memphis, principal grain and cotton 
market between St. Louis and New Orleans ; pop., 33,592. Popula- 
tion Chattanooga, 12,892; of Jaclisou, 8,377; of Knoxville, 9,693. 

First railroad, a portion of the Nashville & Chattanooga, between 
Nashville and Bridgeport, 1853; mileage, Jan. 1, 1886,2,178. 

Number farms, 165,650. Value per acre, cleared land, ftl3 ; wood- 
land, $7.28. Corn crop of 1884, 65.723,000 bu. : wheat, 9,320,000 bu. ; 
cotton, 314,000 bales; potatoes, 1883, 2,404,847 bu. 



Salaries of State 
Officers. 

Governor $4,000 

Secretary ) 1.800 

of State ) &fees. 

Treasurer 2 750 

Comptroller... 2,750 
Attorney Gen.. 3,000 
Supt.Pub.Inst'n 1,800 
Adjutant Gen. 1,200 

Com'rAgr 3,000 

3 RR. Comm'rs 2,000 

Librarian 1,000 

Chief Justice... 4,000 
Senators ) $4 a day 
Represen- V & 16c. 

tatives j a mile. 

3 DIst. Judges.. 3.500 

Pension Agent. 4,000 

3 Colls. Int. ) 4,375 

Kev j to 2,250 




Presidential P. O. 

Bristol $1,700 

Brownsville 1,300 

Chattanooga . . 2,800 

Clarksville 2,000 

Columbia 1,800 

Dyersburgh — 1,000 

Gallatin 1,400 

Jackson 1,900 

Jonesborough.. 1,000 

Knoxville 2,900 

Lebanon 1,500 

Memphis 3,300 

Murfr'sborough 1,600 

Nashville 8,300 

Pulaski 1,500 

Shelby ville 1,400 

Union City 1,500 

6 Post Offices... 1,200 
4 Post Offices... 1,100 

Most valuable minerals are iron, copper and coal; area coal fields, 
over 5,000 square miles; product of pig iron, 70,873 tons; copper 
region in southwest, producing, from 1870 to 1880, nearly 13,000,000 
lbs. ingot copper; excellent marbles and limestones, $131,700 
being invested m quarries. 

Ranlis second in peanuts, average yield being 40 bu. per acre; 
third in miiles; sixth in tobacco, yield being 707 lbs. per acre; 
seventh in copper; seventh in hogs; ninth in corn and cotton. 
Hemp, broom com and flax are also valuable products. 

Population, 1,542,359: male, 769,277; female, 773,082; native, 
1,625.657; foreign, 16,702; white, 1,138,831; colored, 403,151; Chinese, 
25; Indians, 352. Slaves, 1860, 275,719. 

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 
first Monday in November; number Senators, 33; Representatives, 
99; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Mon- 
day in Jimuary; limit of session, 75 days; terms of Senators and 
Representatives, 2 years each. Number electoral votes, 12 ; number 
voters, 571,^44 ; native white, 240,939 ; foreign white, 250,055; colored, 
80,250. Non-payers of poll-tax excluded from voting. 

Legal interest rate. 6; by contract, any rate; usury forfeitB excess 
of interest and $100 fine. 



ATLAS OF THE WOBLD. 



127 



MAP OF TENNESSEE. 




138 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



KENTUCKY. 



" Corn Cracker State.*' 



Name eignifles "Dark and Bloody Ground," the country being 
the ancient hunting grounds of the Indianf*. 

Earliest explorations made by John Finley and others, 1767; 

Daniel Boone establiehed himself there, 1769; admitted as a 

State, 179-^. Area, 40,400 square miles ; greatest length, 350 miles ; 

' greatest breadth, KB mike; river fiontage, 812 miles; navigable 

waters, about 4,000 miles. Number counties, 118. 

Temperature at Louisville: winter, S4° to 44'^; summer, 75° to 
80°. Rainfall at Springdale, 49 inches, 

LouisTille, the commercial euiporium of the State, has large 
tobacco warehouses and pork-packing establishments ; population, 
123,758, Frankfort, the capital; population, 6,958. Population of 
Covington, 29,720. Lexington, former capital, founded 1776; popu- 
lation, 16,656, Newport connected with Covington by suspension 
bridge; population, 20,433, Louisville and Paducah, ports of entry. 

Number farms, 166,453. Average value per acre, cleared land, 
$18.86; woodland, $12,82. 

Ranks high as an agricultural State. Corn crop, 1884, 71,880,000 
bu. ; wheat, 13,425,000 bu. ; oats, 7,865,000 bu. ; tobacco, 1882, 198,905,- 
094 lbs. 
Salaries of State I ~~~~ I Presidential P. O. 

Officers. VALUE of tobacco crop, 1882. 

Governor *"i onn Bowling Green$l,800 
governor. ..... f .■),ooo Covington 2,600 



Auditor......... 2,500 C:::^ /T_\ /C^ S^eorgetownV.:: S 




J VIR. \ (TENN 
6,518,705 
$3,726,343 \^_^^ $3,873,095 

fpENN.J y^ ""\ fN.CAR.j 




81.270.396 



Henderson 1,800 

Hopkinsville... 1,800 

Lexington 2,700 

Louisville 8,700 

Maysville 2.000 

Mt. Sterling.... 1,700 

Newport 2,100 

Owensborough 2,000 

Paducah 2.300 

Paris 1,800 

Richmond 1,600 

Shelbyville 1,600 

22 Offices...) J J;5JS 



Atty. Gen.$500&fees 
Reg. Ld. Office. 2.400 
Com'rof Agr.. 2,000 

Ins. Com'r 4,000 

SR. R. Com'rs.. 2,000 
Chief Justice . 6,000 
S Asso. Justices 5,000 
Senators, ) $5 pr. day 
Represen >• mileage 
tatives. ) 15 cents. 
District Judge. 3,500 
Pension Agent. 4.000 
«Cols. Int. Rev. 4,500 
60 Deputy ) 300 

Collectors.. ) to 2,000 

Has a world-wide reputation for thoroughbred horses and cattle. 
Latest reports give for stock on farms, horses, 370,028; milch cowa, 
304.720; cattle other than cows and oxen, 505,746; sheep, 980,166; 
swine, 1,954,919. Ranks first in tobacco; fourth in malt and dis- 
tilled liquors; sixth in hogs; seventh in corn; eighth in rye, coal 
and mules. 

Population, 1,648,690; male, 832,590; female, 816,100; native, 
1,589,173; foreign, 59,517; white, 1,377,179; colored, 271,451; 
Chinese, 10; Indians, 50; slaves, 186^ 225,483. 

State elections biennial, first Monday in August, in odd-numbered 
years; congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first 
Monday in November; number Senators, 38; Representatives, 100; 
sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting 
last day of December; limit of session, 60 days, unless extended 
by vote ; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. 

Number electoral votes, 13; number voters, 376,221. Bribers, 
robbers and forgers excluded from voting. 

Number colleges, 15; public school system framed, 1838; school 
age, 6-20. 

Legal int. , 6; by contract, 10; usury forfeits exCQSS over 10 per cent. 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



139 



MAP OF KENTUCKY. 




130 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



OHIO. 



0-hl'o. 

<• Buckeye State." 

Name of Indian origin, signifying; "Beautiful RiTer." 

First permanent settlement at Marietta, 1788; admitted ai a 
State, 1802. 

Area, 41,060 square miles; greatest length east and west, 225 
miles; extreme breadth, 200 miles; Ohio river frontage, 430 miles ; 
lake irontage, 230 miles ; number counties, 88. 

Temperature at Cleveland: winter, 27° to 38°; summer, 68° to 73°. 
At Cincinnati: y^inter, 34° to 45°; summer, 74° to 79°. Rainfall 
at Cleveland, 38 inches. 

Cincinnati, "Queen City of the West,'" founded 1789, the metrop- 
olis; pop., 255,139. Cleveland has one of the best harbors on the 
lake ; pop., 160,146. Columbus, capital and great railroad centre; 
pop., 51.647. Chillicothe, capital, 1800 to 1810 ; Zanesville, 1810 to 
1812 ; Chillicothe, 1812 to 1816 ; Columbus, 1816. Toledo, Sandusky, 
Cleveland and Cincinnati ports of entry. 

Number farms, 247,189, of which 199,562 are occupied by owners; 
average value per acre, cleared laud, $47.53; woodland, $41.37; 
wheat crop, 1834, 41,186,000 bu.; corn, 85,393,000 bu.; oats, 23,419,000 
bu.; potatoes, 1883, 16,452,315 bu. ; tobacco, 29,947,536 lbs. Average 
value corn, 1884, 41 cents; wheat, 75 cents ; oats, 29 cents. 

Presidential P. O. 
Akron $2,800 



WOOL PHOOUCT, IN POUNDS, 
1880. 



Salaries of State 
OfBcers. 

Governor $4,000 . '°°"' Canton 2,700 

Sec'y of State.. 3,000 i -^. ^ i-q ^ '^ n / A Chillicothe 2,400 

Treasurer 3,000 MO. WIS. TEX. Cincinnati 6,000 

Auditor 3,000 :,313,924 7,016,4)1 6 928 01'^ Cleveland 3,700 

Attorney Gen... 2,000 I 1^ I U \' ' U Columbus 3,400 

School Comm'r 2,000 Dayton 3,200 

Supt. Ins. Dep't 1,800 > -?i . ^ Delaware .....2,400 

Railroad Com'r 2,000 r 1 n 1 (^ f Hamilton 2,400 

Sec'y Board As. 1,800 MICH. N. Y. PA. Lima 2,400 

Com.Lab.Stati. 2,000 ii.858,48T 8 827 ifis « 470 qT^ Mansfield 2,700 

ChiefJustice. .3,500 ' 'U "' ' D 8,"0,'-^^ Newark 2.400 

Senators, ) $600 a y'r — ~__^ Portsmouth.... 2,400 

Represen- Vand 12c. y^ y ^ Sandusky 2,.')00 

tativcs. .) mileage. | ^ •^ Springfield 3,100 

2 District ) 3,500 OHIO Steuben ville... 2,400 

Judges ] 4,000 C A L. Toledo 3,400 

Pension Agt..,. 4,000 25,003,756 16,798,056 Youngstown. .. 2,600 
8 Collectors ) 2,.500 J ^ Zanesville 2,700 

Int. Rev. . f to 4,500 I '" ■ _ ' ^ — i 118 P.O. .2,300 to 1,000 

Latest reported dairy products give: milk, 48,801,537 gallons; 
t)utter, 67,869,604 lbs.; cheese. 19,978,436 lbs. Pork packing exten- 
sively carried on ; hogs packf d winter 1881-82, 618,348, 

Ranks first in agricultural implements and wool ; second In petro- 
leum, iron and steel; third in wheat, sheep, coal, malt and distilled 
liquors; fourth in printing and publishing, salt, miles railway and 
eoap; fifth in milch cows, hogs, horses, hav, tobacco and iron ore. 

Population, 3,198.062; male, 1,613,931; female, 1,584,126; native, 
2,803,119; foreign, 394,943 ; white, 3,117,920; colored, 79,900; Chinese, 
109 ; Indians, 130. 

State and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Monday in 
November; number Senators, 33; Representatives, 105; sessions 
biennial, but "adjourned sessions" practically amount to annual 
meetings; time, first Monday in January; limit of session, none: 
terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. 

Number electoral votes, 23; number voters, 826,577; insane and 
idiots excluded from voting. 

Number colleges, 35 ; school population, 1,081,321 ; school age, 6-21. 

Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 8; usury forfeits excess above 
6 per cent. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



131 



MAP OF OHIO. 




133 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



INDIANA. 



In-de-ah'Bah. 

" Hoosier State." 

First settled by Canadian voyagers at Vincennes, 1702; organized 
as a Territory, 1800; admitted 1816. 

Area, 36,350 pquare miles; extreme length, 276 miles; average 
<)readth, 140 miles; shore line on Lake Michigan, 40 miles. Michi- 
gan C?ty the lake port. Number counties, 92. 

Temperature at Indianapolis: winter, 29° to 41°; summer, 73° to 
78°. Rainfall at Eichmond, 43 inches. 

Indianapolis is the capital and most flourishing city, and contains 
deaf and dumb, blind, end insane asj^lums; pop., 75,056. Terre 
Haute, extensive iron, whisky and pork market; pop., 26,04i. 
Evansville, commercial centre of the southwest ; pop., 89,280. 
Fort Wayne, emporium of the northeast; pop., 26,880. 

Number farms, 194,018; average value, per acre, cleared land, 
$30.46; woodland, $26.90. Corn the most valuable crop; yield of 
1884, 104,757,000 bu. ; wheat, 31,270,000 bu. ; oats, 78,650,000 bu. Dairy 
interest large and increasing; also the business of pork packing. 
Latest reports give 37,659,029 lbs. butter, and 1,521,275 lbs. cheese. 
Number ho^s packed, winter 1881-82, 349,261. 

Coal fields, about 6,500 square miles, extending from Warren 
county south to the Ohio; varieties are coking coal, Indiana block 
and cannel. 



Salaries of State 
Oflacers. 

Governor $5,000 

Lieut. Gov.. 88 a day 
Sec'yof State.. 2,000 

Treasurer 3,000 

Auditor 1,500 

Attorney Gen.. 2,500 
Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,500 
Sec. Bd. of Agr 1,2U0 

Librarian 1,200 

6 Judges 4,000 

Senators, ) $6 a day 
Represen- >• and 20c. 
tatives.. ) per mile. 
District Judge.. 3,500 
Pension Agent. 4,000 
6 Colls. Int. I 2,375 
Rev. (to 4,500 
Surveyor Cus- 
toms. , 81,000 & fees 



Plate Glass manufacture, 1880. 



STATES MATERIALS.. 



VIASS 



MO. 



IND. 



$24^049 



1112,925 




45,843 




Presidential P. O. 

Crawfordsville$2,100 

Elkhart 2,400 

Evansville 2,900 

Fort Wayne. . , . 2,900 

Goshen 2,200 

Indianapolis.... S.oOO 

La Fayette 2,700 

La Porte 2,200 

logansport 2,400 

Madison 2,00« 

New Albany.... 2,300 

Peru 2,000 

Richmond 2,700 

South Bend 2,600 

Terre Haute.... 2.800 

Valparaiso 2,200 

Vincennes 2,200 

36 Offices 1,900 to 1,500 
40 Offices 1,400 to 1,000 



Ranks second in wheat; fourth in com, hogs and agricultural 
Implements; sixth in coal; seventh in horses, oxen and other 
cattle, malt and distilled liquors, and miles of railway; ninth in 
hay and milch cows. 

Pop., 1,978,301: male, 1,010,361; female, 967,940; native, 1,834,123: 
foreign, 144,178; white, 1,938,798; colored, 89,228; Chinese, 29; In- 
dians, 246. 

State, concessional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 
first Monday in November; number Senators, 50; Representatives, 
100; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, 
meeting Thursday after first Monday in January; limit of session, 
60 days; term of Senators, 4 years ; of Representatives, 2 years. 

Numberelectoral votes, 15; number voters, 498,437. Fraudulent 
voters and bribers excluded from voting. 

Number colleges, 15; State University at Bloomington; medical 
school at Indianapolis; university at Notre Dame; flourishing com- 
mon-scbool system; school population, 708,596; school age, 6-21. 

Legal interest rate, 6; by contract, 8; usury forfeits ezceu of 
tnterest. 



ATLAS OF THE WOBLD. 



133 



MAP OF INDIANA. 




^^ar^ ~i^^ ^•».i-trrr7x"Ss. _ ?J Leesburgh AviUa\?>Jfflubaan 
ion n ■» - rt^. A .•T^^^i 1 















!>^M 



Haute "os^oAv^NJ^,.^.\A. f/FlatV [<? k «^^ 



Hill »^ jLfX '•' \ / 'iPT^/-'" ^~~>^ates v.\ 



ll*\J A^ ^=T""^^^A£&;'^ City / ■ ^y Sfcipi?^ 



y— ernon . 

/-? Rising Sun I 



^* 






•>v. /V'/i-'^'V'V^'-^fC-' y o/'ao/i -r-y 



i%-<S:/ i'i / ^^) Leavenworth''- 



?"« 



>*y« 



^' .^^^^ 



|i i° t I 1 10° Lon g.W. from Wash, /'i 



Bloomfleld 
^jBardstown 

'Jr., McN. i Co., Engr'i, Chi. 



134 



ATLAS OF 7HE WORLD. 



ILLINOIS. 



fl-lin-oi. 

"Prairie or Sucker State," 



From a tribe of Indians, eigoifying " a superior class of men." 

First permanent settlement by French at Kabkaskia, 1682; 
organized aa a Territory, 1809; admitted as a Slate, 1818. 

Area, 56,650 square miles; greatest length, 385 miles ; greatest 
breadth, 218 miles ; highest land, 1,150 leet. IS! umber of counties, 
102. Has 4,000 miles navigable streams. Temperature at Chicago: 
winter, 25° to 37° ; summer, 68° to 73°. At Cairo : winter, 35° to 54°; 
summer, 76° to 80°. Eainfall at Peoria, 35 inches. 

Kaskaskia, first capital, which was removed to Vandalia, 1818, 
and to Springfield, 1836. Chicago, "Garden City of the West;" 
pop., 503,185. Peoria ranks second; pop., 29,259. Quiucy, third; 
pop., 27,268. Springfield, capital; pop., 19,','43. 

Number of farms, 255,741, of which 175,497 are occupied by 
owners. Value per acre, cleared land, $33.03; woodland, $23.68; 
8,151,463 acres in corn, 1884. producing 244,544,000 bu.; wheat, 2,790,- 
900 acres, producing 3:2,374,000 bu. ; oats ,2,990,983 acres, producing 
98,153,000 bu. 

Salaries of State 
Officers. 



Governor S6,000 

Sec'y of State.. 3,.500 

Treasurer 3,500 

Auditor 3,500 

Attorney Gen. . 3,500 
Chief Justice.. 5,000 
Senator.'!, j .^Spr.day 
Represen V mileage 
tatives. ) 10 c. & $50 
2Dist.Judges| |'000 

Pension Agent. 4!oOO 

SColls. Int. I 2.125 

Revenue, t to 4,.500 

Col. of Customs 7,000 

Auditor 2,200 

Appraiser. 3,000 

Examiner 2,000 



Slaughtering and meat packing 
products, 1880. 




Presidential P. O. 

Aurora $2,500 

Bloomington... 2,900 

Cairo 2,400 

Chicago 6,000 

Decatur 2,700 

Elgin 3,200 

Freeport 2,600 

Galesburgh .... 2,600 
Jacksonville.... 2,500 

Joliet 2,600 

Moline... 2,500 

Ottawa 2,400 

Peoria 3,200 

Quincy 3,000 

Rockford 3,000 

Rock Island.... 2,500 

Springfield 2,800 

2,400 
,000 



173 0fiaces..jt^2, 



First recorded coal mine in America located near Ottawa, 1669. 
Coal area, over three-fourths of entire State; estimated to contain 
one-seventh of all known coal in North America; product, 1882, 
9,000,000 tons. 

Superior quality limestone on Fox and Desplaines rivers ; lead, 
most important mineral; Galena in centre of richest diggings of the 
Northwest. Rich salt wells in Saline and Gallatin counties, 75 
gallons brine making 50 pounds salt. 

Ranks first in corn, wheat, oats, meat packing, lumber traffic, 
malt and distilled liquors and miles railway; second in rye, coal, 
agricultural implements, soap and hogs; fourth in hay, potatoes, 
iron and steel, mules, milch cows and other cattle. 

Population, 3,077,871 : male, 1.586,523; female, 1,491,348; native, 
2,494.295; foreign, 583,576; white, 3,031,151; colored, 46,368; 
Chinese, 209; Japanese, 8; Indians, 140. 

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 
first Monday in November; number Senators, 51; Representatives, 
153 ; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first 
Monday in January ; limit of session, none ; term of Senators, 4 
years; Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 22; num- 
ber voters, 796,847; convicts are excluded from voting. 

School system excellent; number colleges. 28; school age, 6-21. 

Legal interest, 6 ; by contract, 8 ; usury forfeits entire interest. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



136 



MAP OF ILLINOIS. 







Greenwich.' 



ito^^°^ 



<pw' 



IR.I- 



auKef^aii 



■sJy 



"Galenax/^^ 

T;^»^£S*3™Tr:>V* ';? Geneva 
/rock. 



rorreston- 






(prion Uudi 
CaJble ^»™3>rt''s^ z _y»yrealu" 



Al edj>"^ ^ fk\Y^^"\><a.T^. /S il\^%en^nepiS^''^G?^ae^ 



urora> 
ontjon 

, , jheridan Jc _ . ^ 

/Viln/i^ol 
aidw/ood 



OJadsttne 
V,IowaJ,<= 






lacomajTLe 
jCaryfiage 

LVarmont 






n\0^ 



"'Palton^ifoap; 
«i^ilan to uT \-tiln^ 



Ci" 



>' 



\\ CT"^ 



elt 



erlrdsTN 
■^irjirfiu 



--''No — t ,'^/sr: 



dV»7 









SRaa 



.* Herv>!T/i;j 

illivan' 

ventralia 

. Fai rfielill il 







sft.Frani; 






<j/-^i^ii: Vernon 



/•v^ 






Long. W, u°from W aBhing ton. ,19° 



Gallati 
ii^sburgb 

rIour^:City\N - *V 



JonesborouSh 



crKjwlesville 1 
ew Burns^ A 

dbethUnvn^ 
O 



J/cJV. ^^fi.,JBngr;' 



fc 



136 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



MICHIGAN. 



Mish'e-gan. 
'•Wolverine or I^ake State.** 



Name of Indian origin, Bignifj'ing Lake country. 

First white settlement within limits of State, Sault Ste. Marie, 
1668; organized as Territory. 1805; admitted 1837. 

Area, 58,!)15 square miles ; length of lower peniueula, from north 
to south, 277 miles ; greatest breadth, 859 miles. Length of upper 
. peninsula, east to wett, 318 miles; width, 30 to 161 miles. Length 
lake shore line, 1,620 miles. Number counties, 82. 

Temperature at Detroit, winter, 24° to 36°; summer, 67° to 72°: 
rainfall, 30 inches. 

Detroit the metropolis; pop., 133,269. Grand Kapids, manu 
facturing city; pop., 41,934. Lansing', the capital; pop., 9,776. 
Pop. Bay City, 29,413; East Saginaw, 29,100; Jackson, 19,136: 
Muskegon, 17,845; Saginaw, 13,767. Detroit, Marquette, Port 
Huron and Grand Haven are ports of entry. 

Number farms, 154,008. Value per acre, cleared land, 3!;34,39; 
woodland, 920.27. Corn crop, 1884, 26,022,000 bu. ; wl^eat, 29,772,000 
bu.; oats, 19,990,000 bu. Fruit raising an important industry. 

Copper mines in Houghton. Ontonagon, and Keweenaw counties; 
valuable Iron ores in Marquette and Delta counties; coal in 
Shiawassee, Eaton, Ingham and Jackson counties. Salt manu- 
factured in year ending iN'ovembcr 30, 1884, 3,252,175 bar. els. 



Salaries State 
Officers. 

Governor $1,000 

Lieut. Gov. .$3 a day 
Bec'yof State.. 800 

Treasurer 1 000 

Auditor Gen.. 2,000 
Supt.Pub.Inst'n 1000 
Adjutant Gen.. 1,000 
BecyBd. Agr... 1,500 
Insur. Com'r... 2,000 
R. R. Com'r ... 2..500 
Immig. Com'r.. 2.000 
Chief Justice .. 4,000 
Benators, 1 $3 a day 
Represen- 5- and 10c 

tatives. I per.mile 
8 Dlst. Judges.. 3,500 
Pension A.gt.... 4,000 
i Colls. Int. ) 3,875 

Revenue. ) to 2,826 



>«ALUE OF LUMBER PRODUCTS, 
'1880, 




|7_,933,868 



MICH. 
^ a52.449,d2S I 

\y ST,366,i 



m% 



[$14,3^10 



^6, 185,6 28 



lA. 



INO 

$1/ j'mMd 



Presidential P. O. 

Adrian . .$2,400 

Ann Arbor 2,600 

Battle Creek.... 2,600 

Bay City 2,700 

Big Rapids 2, .'500 

Detroit 3,700 

East Saginaw.. 2,700 

Flint 2,400 

Grand Rapids.. 3,200 

J.ickson 2,700 

Kalamazoo 2.700 

Lansing 2 700 

Marshall 2,300 

Muskegon ... 2.500 

Port Huron 2,400 

Saginaw 2,300 

,52P.O. $2,200 to 1,500 
38 P.O. 1,400 to 1,100 
OP. 1,000 



Ranks first in copper, lumber and salt; second in iron ore; 
third in buckwheat; fifth in sheep, hops and potatoes; sixth in 
wheat and barley ; seventh in agricultural implements ; eighth in 
miles railway; ninth in oats. 

Grand Haven, Au Sable and Detroit are centres of valuable 
fishing interests ; principal catch is trout and whitefish. 

PoDulation, 1,843,369: male, 958,551; female, 884,818: native, 
l,4i9;395 ; foreign, 423,974 : white, 1,817,562 ; colored, 17,548 ; 

"^^Stat^e^' congressional and presidential elections. Tuesday after 
first Monday in November; number Senators, 32 ; Representatives, 
100- sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, 
meeting first Wednesday in Jamiary; limit of session, none; 
terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. 

Number electoral votes, 13; number voters, 467,687. Duelists 
ire excluded from voting. v i -«, c on 

Number colleges, 9 ; efficient public schools ; school age, 5-80. 

Legal interest, 7 ; by contract, 10; usury forfeits excess of interest. 



ATLAS OF TUB WORLD. 



137 



MAP OF MICHIGAN. 




\Frdnkfort\ - W'Walton ^VC, <i.—\ '\^m^w\t<'^^ 

1 jt^T.'^ '"''tV M* f "l Lake City /7N_^>p\,.<,eO>ft« SprST ^iW^?'^,', '-^rA 



! Frankfort' 



Montague 






^\\\ui<'iy \ -...,„-, , yKv/i//ifliii .,\ V . vC Tort' Au-!tin V". ■■ 

Ludington Bildwiini ■ r^aaTZTrt^^-^o-^^o Pincoanmsyj v'- rVf-ii^l "ilBad Axe \V 
'///^■,>.:4Pei.tvfater/ Paris P*^"^'^.,^^^olcraaa (($'^^-''75^/^ J "V fca«i^\ 

•^V/ V* Hart sf '•^TPf^^v /Mt>c^'"' *N&g5i£J78eb\ewRiDgV ?„ J- \l 



\ ' ^M^.^A^y^li^^ S?«Sward[^«,loti\ St.Loui3 /^ 



r-wvx'^Xflafa.vjL. *i x/ >\v^r ,9.xi-'\r/'«asii^ v:zy«er^^ 

? ~ ♦'"•^.•o.t>*^"^uralnd \ 
~ jot^><o^N~£hiford; 

LANSiNG^L-ci^Wiauisjow^ 



"iM III „,iin II I I I j(p TlTf I ro r^ 111^^^ . ^ V '■'tf« i^ 



larboiyV--pa.« "^ 



th*lcrafy<^^^«^\/^w^fiila^ 









'^ConkW.eatsCfroii^Walh; 



138 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



WISCONSIN. ^B-JS^^^State." 

From river of same name ; an Indian word signifying " Wild- 
rushing River." First settled by French, at Green Bay, 1669; 
organized as a Territory, 1836 ; first Territorial legislature at Bel- 
mont, Sept. 1, 1836 ; admitted as a State, 1847. 

Area, 66,040 square miles; greatest length, 300 miles; greatest 
breadth, 260 miles ; Mississippi river navigable throughout south- 
west boundary ; excellent harbors in Lake Superior on north, and 
Lake Michigan on east. Port Wa8>iington, one of the finest natural 
harbors in the world. Number counties, 67. Temperature at Mil- 
waukee: winter, 19°to 31° ; summer, 63°to 70" : rainfall, 30 inches, 

Milwaukee, port of entry, gseat pork packing and beer brewing 
centre; also grain and wheat market; pop.. 158,509. Madison, capi- 
tal : pop., 1'2,054. Population Eau Claire, 21,668; Ponddu Lac, 12,726. 

Nunlber farms, 102,904; average value per acre, cleared land, 
$26.87; woodland, $19.55. Wheat most valuable crop ; cultivation 
of flax increasing ; many acres devoted to culture of cranberries; 
buckwheat crop, 1883, 177,792 bu.; hay, 2,354,835 tons ; corn, 1884, 
28,200,000 bu.; oats, 45,940,000 bu.; wheat, 80,083.000 bu. Latest 
reported dairy products: milk, 25,156,977 gals.; butter, 33,739,055 
lbs.; cheese, 19,088,405 lbs. 

Salaries of State t 1 Presidential P. O. 

Officers. 

Governor $5,000 

Bec'y of State.. 5,000 

Treasurer 5,000 

Attorney Gen.. 3,000 
Railr'd Com'r. 8,000 
Chief Justice.. 5,000 
4 Asso. .Tustices 5,000 
2 Dist. Judj^es. 3,500 
Senators, ) $500 per 
Represen- /-y'r, mile- 

tatives.. ) age 10c. 
Pension Agent. 4,000 
Indian Agent. . 1,500 
4 Colls. Int. I 4.500 

Revenue. ) to 2.750 
23 Deputy ) 1,800 

Collect'rs ) to 300 
Collect'r of ( 1.000 

Customs. ) & fees. 



POUNDS OF HOPS PRODUCED IN THE 
WEST IN 1880. 



51,236 




CALIFORNIA 

1,444,077 



WISCONSIN 

1,966,827 



Appleton (2,400 

Beloit 2,300 

Chippewa Falls 2,100 

Eau Claire 2,600 

Fond du Lac . . . 2,600 

Green Bay 2,200 

Janesyllle 2,500 

La Crosse 2,600 

Madison 2,700 

Milwaukee .8,600 

Oshkosh 2,600 

Racine 2,700 

Sheboygan 2,100 

Watertown 2,000 

Waukesha 2,000 

Wausau 2,000 

Whitewater.... 1,90# 

66 Offices.. {tJ;8g 

Extensive lead mines in Grant, Lafayette and Iowa counties; 
native copper in the north, in Crawford and Iowa counties. Mil- 
waukee clay famous for making cream-colored brick. Iron ores in 
Dodge, Sauk, Jackson and Ashland counties. 

Ranks second in hops, third in barley and potatoes, fourth In rye 
and buckwheat, fifth in oats and agricultural implements, seventh 
in iron and steel, eighth in hay and milch cows, and ninth in copper. 

Population, 1.563,423: male, 811051; female, 752,372: native, 
1,069,433; foreign, 493,990: white, 1,555,152; colored, 5,576; Indians, 
2,695. ' 

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 
first Monday in November; number Senators, 33; Eepresenta- 
tives, 100; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 
second Wednesday in January; limit of session, none; term of 
Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. Number electoral 
votes, 11; number voters, 340,482; insane, idiots, convicts, bribers, 
betters and duelists excluded from voting. 

Number colleges, 7; number public schools, 6,588; school popu- 
lation, 495,233; scaool age, 4-20. 

Legal interest, 7; by contract, 10; usury forfeits entire interest. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



139 



MAP OF Wisconsin. 




Stanibaiigli A *\ 






umberlanO, 

Barro 












\So> 


















'reeporrj 



^^aIonga,_y(^xT^toni?£PI^7>^5s^•77SS?7V^> 



Ij 



6qi; .W. , 1 5^ Muac/fi.tin cr ^,'^^^;V^a3li, 3 






■°n. 






140 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



IOWA. 



I'o-wah. 
•'Hawkeye State." 

Name is of Indian origin, and means " The Beautiful Land." 

Part of the Louisiana purchase; merged into Missouri Territory, 
1812; into Michigan, 1834; into Wisconsin, 1836, First white set- 
tlement at Duhuque, 1788. Admitted as a State, 1846. 

Area, 56,025 t-quare miles, about that of Illinois; extent north 
. and south, 208 miles ; east and west, about 300 miles. Principal 
rivers within the State: Des Moines, Iowa and Little Sioux. Num- 
ber counties, 99. Temperature at Davenport: winter, 21° to 87°; 
Bummer, 70° to 76°. Eainfall at Muscatine. 43 inches. 

Des Moines, metropolis and capital; pop., 32,469. Pop. of Du- 
buque. 26 330; of Davenport, 23,830; of Burlington, 23,459 ; of 
Council Bluffs, 21,557. Keokak, Burlington and Dubuque are 
United States ports of delivery. 

Number farmn, 185,351; average value per acre, cleared land, 
$27.36; woodland, $39.38. Corn crop, 1884, 252.600 000 bu.; wheat, 
31,270,000 bu.; oats, 78,650,000 bu.; potatoes, 1883, 13,216,868 bu.; 
barley, 4.6.38,348 bu.; sorghum syrup, 2,640,000 gals. 

Dairy interest growing in importance, creamery and factory prod- 
ucts bringing high prices. There were 60,940,553 Iba. of butter and 
3.378,924 lbs. cheese made in 1880. 

Salaries of State 
Officers. 

Governor $3,000 

Lieut. Go\^. .. . 1,100 
Sec'y of State.. 2,200 

Treasurer 2,200 

Auditor 2,200 

Attorney ) $1,500 and 

Gen f $5 a diy. 

Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,200 
S R. R. Comm'rs 3,000 

Librarian 1,500 

Chief Justice . . 4,000 
4 Asso. Justices 4,000 

&S. 1^550 per 

tatives.. ) 5^®^^- 
2 Dist. Judges... 3,500 
Pension Agent. 4,000 
4 Colls. Int. » 2,500 

Rev f to 4,500 



Number of hogs on farms. 



1,954,948 



^ 2,158,169 




6,034, 3H, 



Presidential P. O. 

Burlington . . . .$3,000 
Cedar Rapids.. 2,900 

Clinton 2,400 

Council Bluffs. 2,800 

Oreston 2,300 

Davenport 2,900 

Des Moines 3,300 

Dubuque 3,000 

Iowa City 2,400 

Keokuk 2,600 

LeMars 2,100 

Marshalltown.. 2,500 

Muscatine 2,400 

Oskaloosa 2,400 

Ottumwa 2,500 

Sioux City 2,700 

Waterloo 2,400 

63 Offlces,2,000 to 1,500 
52Ottices,l,400tol,000 

Manufacturing establishments are numerous, including canning 
factories, stove and other foundries, engine-building, paper and 
woolen mills, lumber and saw mills, etc. 

Ranks first in hogs; second in milch cows, oxen and other cattle, 
corn, hay and oats; third in horses; fifth in barley and miles or 
railway; sixth in potatoes and rye; seventh in wheat and coal. 

Pop., 1,753,980: male, 911,759; female, 842,231: native, 1,448,576; 
foreign, 310,404: white, 1,753,980; colored, 9,310; Chinese, 33; In- 
dians, 466. 

State elections annual, Tuesday after second Monday in October. 
excepting years of presidential elections, when State, congressional 
and presidential elections occur together; number Senators, 50; 
Representatives, 100 ; sessions of legislature biennial, in even- 
numbered years, meeting second Monday in January ; limit of 
session, none ; term of Senators, 4 yrs. ; of Representatives, 2 yrs. 

Number electoral votes, 13 ; number voters, 416,658. Idiots, 
insane and criminals excluded from voting. 

Number colleges, 19; school pop., 604,739; school age, 5-21. 

Legal interest rate, 6 ; by contract, 10; usury forfeits 10 per cent, 
per year on amount. State has adopted prohibition. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



141 



MAP OF iOWA. 




14» 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



MINNESOTA. 



' whit- 



Min'^ne-sO'ta. 
"Gopher State." 

Named from the river; term of Indian origin, signifying 
ieh or Bky-colored waler.''' 

Explored by Hennepin and La Salle, 1680; Fort Snelling built 
1819; organized as a Territory, 1849; admitted 1858. 

Area, 83,365 square miles, extreme length, 380 miles; breadth 
near north line, 337 miles; near middle, 183 miles; and on the south 
line, 263 miles. Number counties, 80. 

Temperature nt St. Paul: winter, 11° to 30°; summer, 67° to 74. 
Rainfall at Fort Snelling, 85 inches. 

P-^mbina, port of entry on Red river. St. Paul, port of delivery 
and capital; population, 148,074. Minneapolis, metropolis and great 
commercial centre for lumber, wheat and flour; population, 147,810. 
Land offices at Taylor's Falls, Fergus Falls, Worthington, Red' 
wood Falls, Beijson and Duluth. 

Number larms, 140,000; value per acre, cleared land, $20; wood- 
land, $15. Total acreage of the State, 53,35.3,600; in farms, 16,000,- 
000; in forests, 1,800,000. 
Salaries of State 
OflEicers. 



CAPITAL INVESItD.IN FLOUaiNG 
AND GRIST' MILLS. 

NEB. ARK.' 




Presidential P. O. 



Brainerd $2,000 

Crookston 1,800 

Duluth 2,500 

Faribault 2.100 

Fergus Falls... 2,000 

Mankato 2,200 

Minneapolis. .. 8,500 

Moreliead 1,800 

Northfield 1,800 

Red Wing.. .... 2,300 

Rochester 2,200 

Saint Cloud.... 1,900 

Saint Paul 3,500 

Stillwater 2,400 

Winona 2,500 

9 P.O.... 1,700 to 1,500 

14 ■■ ' ■-' ' 

10 
4 



Governor .. .$3,800 

Lieut.Gov 600 

Sec'y of State.. 1,800 

Treasurer 3,500 

Auditor 3,000 

Attorney Gen . 2,500 
Supt. Pub. Ins. . 2,500 
AdjutantGen.. 1,500 
Pub. Examiner 3,000 
Ins. Comm'r... 2,000 
Com. Statistics 2.000 
R.R.Commis'nr 3,000 
State Librarian 2,000 
Chief Justice... 4,.500 
Senators, ) $5 a day , . . ^. . . 

•RoT.T-«can. ', onH IRf. \ 1 V~ 1 \. J 14. " . 1,400 tO 1,200 

1,100 

Dist. Judge 3,500 I" ' — '< ^=:^ "" — " — 14 " 1,000 

Wheat the staple, and milling the great industry, giving employ- 
ment to nearly 4,000 people. Capital invested in flour and grist 
mills, $21,000,000 ; value of products, $45,000,000. Corn crop, 1884, 
28,630,000 bii., valued -at $7,797,900; wheat, 50,117,481 bu., valued at 
$25,000,000; oats, 86,100,000 bu., valued at ,$7,220,000. Average value 
of corn, 1884, 33 cents; of wheat, 50 cents; of oats, 20 cents. 

Ranks fourth in wheat and barley, sixth in hay, eighth in oats. 

Dairy interest increasing in value; production of butter and 
cheese becoming one of great industries; latest reports give 19,223,- 
835 lbs. butter; cheese, 975,329 Iba. 

Population, 1,118,486: male, 605,551 ; female, 512,935: native, 733,- 
320; foreign. 381,340: white, 1,115,358; colored, 1,814; Chinese, 99: 
Indians, 1,215. 

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first 
Monday in November; number Senators, 47; Representatives, 103; 
sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 
Tuesday after first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; 
term of Senators, 4 yeai's; of Representatives, 3 years. 

Number electoral votes, 7; number voters, 306,435; idiots, in- 
Bane and convicts excluded from voting. 

Number colleges, 5; school population, 400,000; school age, 5-21. 

Legal interest rate, 7; by contract, 10; usury forfeits excess over 
10 per cent. 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



143 



MAP OF MINNESOTA. 




FargA 



^eavet: 






u iivAua . -rr 7 7 '^ , .. , . . ,■ — „ 

"-[ oiii'in y 0.1 ley \ "vilJi/!;^^ L V C^^-'VBaV/^ 

I -y-eai Sourtci^o/ ^miSSX<Il:e ^GrancLUqpiHs y^A kMa 






/J Little Falls 



'^ty 









Paylor's . 
Tans5^=' 



. ntevldlS _ MINN 



ST. B J.3ign gerort^a^ — 



i^r 



MafslaiJY Falls X^ 









•^'U 1 f^'^'ji^V Falls >rlsafOoaJ^l/p,rf'-'^vE^hfieia"S^^ ^ 

^- / of o\ V \ V 

5j)" (I f. t yi-'— >^ 1.6" ^^C~~^ ii7S\lo>i.i?./tre8(.i6X -V''^"^\ 't^ "'osA 






144 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



DAKOTA. Dako'ta. 



So called from a tribe of Indians of the same name. 

First permanent white settlements made by Lord Selkirk at 
Pembina, 1818; organized as a Territory, 1861; first legislature at 
Yankton, March, 1862, 

. Area, 149,100 square miles; average length, 450 miles ; breadth, 
350 miles; ranks in size next to Texas and California. General 
elevation, 1,000 to 2,500 feet; Red river frontage, about 250 miles; the 
Missouri navigable throughout the Territory. Number counties, 136. 

Temperature at Bismarck: winter, 4° to 27°; summer, 63° to 71°. 
Climate dry, and cold not so penetrating as in moister regions 
further east. Rainfall at Fort Randall, 17 inches; 73 per cent, of 
year's rain falls in spring and summer. 

Fargo, the metropolis of Northern Dakota, an enterprising city, 
does a large business; has gas, electric lights, and street railways, 
Bismarck, capital, rapidly developing into an important business 
centre. Yankton, chief town of the south. Land offices at Fargo, 
Bismarck, Huron, Deadwood, Yankton, Mitchell, Aberdeen, Water- 
town and Grand Forks. Railway mileage, 1870, 65 ; 1884, 3,494. 
The Northern Pacific has a mileage of 375, crossing th« northern 
central portion from Fargo through Bismarck in an almost direct 
westerly line through the Territory. 
Salaries of State 



Officers 

Governor $2,600 

Sec'y of Terri'y 1,800 

Treasurer 2,000 

Auditor 1,000 

Supt. Pub. Inst. 1,500 
Chief Justice .. 3,000 
6 Asso. Justices 3,000 
Senators, 1 $4 a day, 
Represen- y mileage, 

tatives. ) 20c. 

10 Indian ) 1,000 

Agents.... f to 2,200 
Surveyor Gen.. 2,500 

Chief Clerk 1,800 

Chf. Draftsman 1,500 
Assistant " 1 200 
Col. Int. Rev.... 2.750 
4 Dep. Colls 1,000 



INCREASEIN WHEAT PRODUCTION, 
" 1S70 TO -880. 


ARIZONA, / \ 


109,375 bu. 


N.MEXICO, j 


I 35a,819 " 


IDAHO,, / 


1 464,939 " 
\ 610,726 " 


UTAH', / 


WASH'/ 


l,7b4.279 " 


O^TA., 


■2,659,62\" 



Presidential P. O. 

Aberdeen $1,900 

Bismarck 2,200 

Deadwood 1,800 

Fargo 2,700 

Grafton 1,600 

Grand Forks... 2,300 

Huron 2,300 

Jamestown 2,000 

Mitchell 1,700 

Pierre 1,8C0 

Sioxix Falls 2,200 

Wahpeton 1,600 

Watertown 1,700 

Yankton 1,900 

5 Post Offices... 1,500 
5 " " .... 1,400 
3 " " .... 1,300 
.. i 1,200 
I to 1,000 



16 



Finest wheat-growing country on the continent ; corn crop, 1884, 
13,950,000 bu. ; oats, 11,812,000; wheat, 22,330,000 bu. ; !8,800,000 bu. rc- 

?orted. as freighted over Northern Pacific in four months of 1883, 
6 per cent, being of best grade. Oats yield 50 to 75 bu, per acre ; 
potatoes yield well and are of great size. Nutritious grasses at all 
seasons and abundant water offer remarkable advantages for stock 
raising; wool growing an important industry; climate especially 
favorable for sheep. Ranks fourth in gold, and ninth in silver; latest 
reported gold product, $4,133,081; mineral wealth centred in Black 
Hills; coal found in workable quantities west of the Missouri. 

Population, 135.177 in 1880, with sufficient increase since then to 
entitle her to admission as a State : male, 82.296 ; female, 53,881 ; 
native, 83,3^2; foreign, 51,795; white, 133,147; colored, 401; Chinese, 
238; Indians, 1,391. 

Territorial, congressional and presidential elections, Tueiday 
after first Monday in November; number Senators, 12; Representa- 
tives, 24; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 2d 
Tuesday in January; limit session, 60 days; terms of Senators and 
Representatives, 3 years each. Number voters, census 1880, 61,603. 

Legal interest rate, 7; by contract, 12; usury forfeits excess. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



145 



MAP OF DAKOTA. 



I.OU5. W. from Greenwich. 



.2^" 




:.f i}'RT'i" 'E 






Carman ' 



'^■^ Grafton ] 




14G 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



NEBRASKA. Nebras'ka. 

Name first applied to the river, and is of Indian origin, signifying 
"Shallow Water." Organized as a Territory, 1854; admitted i867. 

Area, 76,855 square miles ; width, north and south, about 210 
miles ; greatest length in centre, about 420 miles. Platte, the prin- 
cipal river, extending through the State east and west. Number 
counties, 80. 

Temperature at Omaha : winter, 20° to 34° ; summer, 72° to 78". 
Rainfall, Fort Kearney, 25 inches. 

Omaha, U. S. port of delivery, principal city and commercial 
centre ; population, 61,635. Lincoln, a thriving city, containing 
State University; population, 1870, 2.441, and 1885, 20,004. Popu- 
lation Plattsmouth, 5,796; of Nebraska ( ity, 5,597. 

Number farms, 63,387. Average value per acre, cleared land, 
$8.93; woodland, $25.85, 

Corn crop, 1884, 122,100,000 bushels; wheat, 28,325,000 bushels; 
oats. 21,630,000 bushels. Rye, buckwheat, barley, flax and hemp 
yield abundant crops. Apples, pears, plums, grapes and berries are 
plentiful. Ranks eighth in corn and barley, and ninth in rye. 



Salaries of State 
Officers. 

Governor $2,500 

Lieut. Gov. . . S6 a day 
Sec'y of State . . 2,000 

Treasurer 2,500 

Aud'rPub.Ac'ts 2,500 
Attorney Gen... 2,000 
Supt. Pub. Ins . 2,000 
Sec'y Bd.Agr. . 1,000 
Com'rPub.L'ds 2,000 
Chief Justice... 2,500 
Senators, ) $3 a day; 
Represen- > mileage, 
tatives.. ) 10 cents. 
District Judge . 3,500 
Col. Int. Rev.... 4,500 
Surveyor Gen.. 2,000 
3 Indian ( 1,200 
f to 1,600 




Presidential P. O. 

Beatrice $2,100 

Columbus 1,700 

Crete 1,700 

Falls City 1,600 

Fremont 2,200 

Grand Island... 1,900 

Hastings 2,100 

Kearney 2,000 

Lincoln 2,900 

Nebraska City. 2,100 

Norfolt 1,300 

Omaha 3,300 

Plattsmouth. .. 1 800 

Seward 1,700 

Tecumseh 1,600 

Wahoo 1,600 

York 1,700 

lOP. O..Sl,500&1.400 
24 P.O.. 1,200 to 1,000 



Agents 

Herd law excellent, and grazing land good. Cattle raising the 
great industry of the State, next to agriculture. 

Manufacturing establishments show a wonderful increase of from 
670 in 1870 to 1,403 in 1880, Capital invested, $4,881,150; number 
hands employed, 4,773. 

Homesteads obtained under timber claims or by pre-emptions; 
cash expense of first, $18 to $26; of second, $14. U. S. laud offices 
at Dakota City, Norfolk, Grand Island, Lincoln, Beatrice, Bloom- 
ington and North Platte. 

Population, 4.52,402 : male, 249,241 ; female, 203,161 ; native, 
354,988; foreign, 97,414; white, 449,764 ; colored, 2,385; Chinese, 18; 
Indians, 235. 

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday tfter 
first Monday in November; number Senator.*, 33; Representatives, 
100; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Tues- 
day in January; limit of session, 40 days; terms of Senators and 
Representatives, 2 years each. Number electoral votes, 5; number 
voters, 129,042. U. S. army, idiots and convicts excluded from 
voting. ( 

Number colleges, 9; school population, 135,511; school age, 5-21. 

Legal interest, 7; by contract, 10; usury forfeits interest and coat. 

Kailroad mileage, 1865, 122; 1885, 2,891. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



147 



MAP OF NEBRASKA 




14^ 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



KANSAS. 



Kan'zas. 

"Garden of tlie West." 



From Kaneas river. Indian name, pignifyini; "Smoky Water." 
Vieited by Spaniards, 1541, and by French, 1719. Part of Louisiana 
purchase, and afterward of Indian Territory. Organized as a Ter- 
ritory, 1854. Admitted as a State, January, 1861. 
■ Area, 82,080 square miles. Lenf,'th, 400 rnile^ ; breadth, 200 miles. 
Geographical centre of United States, exclusive of Alaska. Mis- 
souri river frontage, 150 miles ; largest rivers, Solomon, Neosho, 
Saline, Arkansas, Eepublican and Kansas. Number counties, 100. 

Temperature at Leavenworth : summer, 74° to 79°; winter, 25° 
to 35°: rainfall, 31 inches. 

Metropolis, Leavenworth ; population, 29,968. Capital, Topeka; 

f)opulation, 23,499. State University at Lawrence; State asylums for 
nsane and feeble-minded at Topeka and Osawatomie; institution 
for education of the blind, Wyandotte; for deaf-mutes, Olathe. 

First railroad built, 1865; length, 40 miles. Railroad mileage, 1875, 
2,150; Jan. 1, 1886, 4,888. 

Number farms, 1860, 10,400; 1880, 138,561. Average value per 
acre, cultivated land, $11 .82; woodland, $19.12. Peculiarly adapted 
for stoclc raising. Gain, per cent., in horses, for ten years, 138; 
C0W8, 149; mules, 1,040; other cattle, 203; sheep, 210; hogs, 132. 

Salaries of State I 1 9 Deputy Col- ) $1,650 

r»fflf>o-ra Increase of population, lectors ) to 400 

umcers. 1870T0 1380. Indian Agent.. 1,000 

Governor $3,000 . TJrPcirlPTitinI P O 

Sec'yof State.. 2,000 ^FVADA A 19,175 -Presiaential i-. O. 

Treasurer 2,500 NEVAUA l\ is,' Atchison $2,700 

Auditor 2,000 „ „„.. /\ a-i eA^i Emporia 2,500 

Attorney Gen.. 1,500 OREGON / \ »'5j8« Fort Scott 2,400 

Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,000 , / \ • Lawrence 2,600 

Sec. Bd. of Agr, 2,000 nni ORAnn / \ •154,463 Leavenworth.. 2,800 

InsuranceCoin. 2.500 ^ULUttftuu/ \ Newton 2,000 

3R.R. Corns.... 3,000 pii / \ 'inssii Ottawa 2,100 

StateLibrarian 1,.500 ^'^^' / x-w,-**' parsons 2.100 

Chief Justice . . 3,000 „ ^„ / \ „„„ ,.„ Salina 2,000 

2 Asso. Justices 3,000 NEB. / \329,409 Topeka 3,100 

Senator, j $3 pr.day / \ Wellington .... 2,000 

Represen >• mileage IOWA/ 430 595 Wichita 2,400 

tatives. ) 15 cents. / _\ Winfield 2,100 

District Judge. 3,500 / ^„, ..A Wyandotte 2,400 

Pension Agent, 4,000 /KANSAS 631,697 \ „„„^ ( 1,900 

Col. Int. Rev... 2,750 1 ' ^ 1 ''*'-*"^^®^--- Uol.OOO 

Latest reported crop: castor beans, 766,143 bu.; cotton. 33,589 
lbs.: flax, 623.256 bu. ; hemp, 527,879 bu.; corn, 1884, 168,500,000 
bu. ; wheat 34,990,000 bu. ; oats, 27.419,000 bu. 

Number hands employed in manufactories, 1860, 1,735; in 1870, 
6,844; in 1880, 12,064. Net value of manufactured products increased 
67 per cent, in first period, 95 p«r cent, in second. 

Ranks fifth in cattle, corn and rye; seventh in hay, and ninth 
in hogs, horses, wheat and coal. Coal area, 17,500 square miles. 

Population, 996,096: male, 5:35,667; female, 459,429; native, 
886,010; foreign, 110,086; white, 952,155; colored. 43,107; Chinese, 
19; Indians, 815. State, congressional and presidential elections, 
Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; Senators, 40; Representatives, 
125; sessions biennial, meetins^ second Tuesday in January in odd- 
numbered years ; limit of session, 50 days ; term of Senators, 
4 years ; of Representatives, 2 years. 

Number electoral votes, 9; number voters, 265,714. Idiots, 
Insane, convicts and rebels excluded from voting. 

Number colleges, 8; number schoolhouses, over 5,000; school 
attendance, 69 per cent, of school population ; school age, 5-21. 

Legal Interest, 7; by contract, 12; usury forfeits excess of interest. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



149 



MAP OF KANSAS. 




160 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



INDIAN TERRITORY. 

Portion of great Louisiana purchase set apart for home of peace- 
able Indian tribes ; organized 1834. 

Cut down to form States and Territories, leaving but 64,690 
square miles, or 41,401,600 acres; nearly 26,000,000 acres being 
Indian reservations. 

• Length east and west on the north, 470 miles; breadth west of 
100th meridian, .35 miles, and east of that line, about 210 miles. 
Reservations of Cherokees, 5,000.000 acres in north and northeast; 
Seminoles, 200,000 in east central; Creeks, 3,215,495 in east; Chick- 
asawB, 4,377,600 in south; the Oklahoma country near centre. 
Principal rivers, Arkansas and Red. Number nations, agencies 
»nd reservations, 22. 

Temperature at Fort Gibson : winter, 85° to 48° ; summer, 77° to 
82°. Rainfall in extreme northwest, 20 inches, and at Fort Gibson, 
80 inches. 

Most important town, and capital of Cherokees, Tahlequah. Rail- 
road mileaee, 372. Capital of Chickasaws, Tishorainfro; of Choc- 
taws, Tushkahoma; of Creeks, Muscogee; of Osages^ Pawhueka; 
of Semiuolcs, Seminole Agency; of Pawnees. Pawnee Agency; of 
Kiowas and Comanches, Kiowa and Comanche Agency. 
Indian Agencies, 



ARAPAHOE. 

Agent $900 

OHEYBXNE. 

Agent $2,200 

Physician 1,200 

KAW. 

Buperintend't.. $1,600 
Physician 1,200 

KIOWA AND COMAN- 
OHK. 

Agent $1,000 

Physician 1,000 

OAKLAND. 

Biiperintend't. $1,000 
8 Teachers 600 

Corn, wheat, tobacco, cotton and 




OSAQB. 

Agent $1,600 

Physician 1,200 

OTOB. 

Agent $1,600 

Physician 1,000 

PAWNBE. 

Clerk $1,200 

Physician 1,000 

PONOA. 

Superintend't. $1,200 
Clerk 720 

QTTAPAW. 

Agent $1,500 

Physician 1,200 

SAC AND FOX. 

Agent $1,200 

2 Physicians. .. . 1,000 

potatoes yield luxuriantly. 



Number horses, January, 1883, 125 per cent, of prenous year; 
mules, 110 per cent ; hogs, 80 per cent.; milch cows, 85 percent.; 
number sheep, 55,000, at average value of $2; oxen and other cattle, 
January, 1884, 520,000, valued at $8,840,000. 

Stringent laws to protect from encroachments by whites. They 
can hold land only by marrying into one of the tribes. Recent 
ofllcial reports give Indian population about 80,000: Cherokees, 
20.000; Choctaws, 16,500; Creeks, 14,500; Chickasaws, 7,000; Semi- 
noles, 2,500; Osages, 2,390; Cheyennes, 3,298; Arapahoes, 2,676; 
Kiowas, 1,120; Pawnees, 1,438: Comanches, 1,475. 

No Territorial government has as yet been organized, owing to 
differences in the views of Congress and the tribes. For each 
agency, a deputy is appointed by the President to represent the 
united States, but each tribe manages its own internal affairs. 
Mostof tlie tribes governed by chiefs. 

Of first five tribes, 83,6.50 can read, and have 16,200 houses, 196 
Bchools, and 8,250 pupils. Expended from tribal funds for educa- 
tional purposes, $156,856; from government appropriation for 
freedmen, $8,500. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



151 



MAP OF INDIAN TERRITORY. 




16» 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



COLORADO. 



Kol-o-rah'do. 

•♦ Centennial State." 

Part of Louisiana purchase of 1803. First explored by Vaequta 
Coronado under the Spanish, 1540. First expedition sent out by 
United States Government, under Major Pike, 1806; a second under 
command of Col. S. H. Long, 18-20, and in 1842-44, Gen. John C. 
Fremont made his celebrated trip across the Rocky Mountains. 
'First settlements made by miners, 1858-9; formed from parts of 
Kansas, Nebraska, Utah and New Mexico ; organized as a Ter- 
ritory, February, 1861 ; admitted August 1, 1876. 

Area, 103,925 square miles ; lengm, 380 miles ; breadth, 280 
miles ; principal rivers. North and South Platte, Arkansas, Snake, 
White and Green. Number counties, 40. Temperature at Denver: 
winter, 25° to 37° ; summer. 72° to 74°. Rainfall of the Stale from 
15 to 20 inches, falling mostly between May and Julv. 

Five United States laud districts, with offices at "Oenver, Pueblo, 
Falrplay, Lake City and Central City. Denver, capital and metrop- 
olis, and contains assay office; pop., 54,308; LeadvOle, 10,925; Silver 
Cliffs, 900; Colorado Springs, 4,568. State University at Boulder; 
Agricultural Collegia at Fort Collins; School of Mines at Golden City. 

Richest State in the Union in mineral productions, ranking flrit 
In silver, anjj fourth in gold. 

Presidential P. O. 



Salaries of State 
Oflacers. 

Governor $5,000 

Lieut.Gov 1,000 

Bec'y of State.. 3,000 

Treasurer 3,000 

Auditor 2,.500 

Attorney Gen. . 2,000 
Chief Justice... 5,000 
2 Asso. Justices 5,000 
Senators, ) Hpr. day 
Represen V mileage 
tatives. ) 15 cents. 
DistrictJudge, 3,500 
Col. Int. Rev... 2,875 
Surve.vor Gen.. 2,.500 
Ute Indian Agt. 1,400 

DENVER MINT. 
Assay 'r In Chg. $2,500 



SILVER Product of 1882. 



ARIZ. 



UTAH 




Boulder |1,900 

Canon City 1,600 

Central City.... 1,700 
Colorado Spgs. 2,400 

Denver 3,400 

Duraiigo 1,700 

Fort Collins.... 1,700 
Georgetown . . . 1,700 

Golden 1,600 

Greeley 1,800 

Gunnison 1,900 

Leadville 2,800 

Pueblo 2,400 

Salida 1,600 

Silverton 1,800 

South Pueblo.. 2,200 

Trinidad 1,800 

17 Officpq i 1.600 

. P.2^J}J^S'^\'^^^^' 710,000 bushels ; wheat, 2,348,000 bushels; oats. 
1 ol6 000 bushels ; 1,209,000 bushels produced 1883, the yield being 
29 3 bushels per acre; hay, 114,505 tons, valued at $1,545,818. Cattle 
raising a safe and profitable business : sheep husbandry still more 
profitable : latest reported estimate gives 815,674 cattle. 1.248.360 
sheep and 18,342 ewine. » j • 

Population, 243,910: male, 144,781; female, 99.129: native, 192,. 
Ind\an°'"^20?' ' ^^^'^^' ^^^'^^^' colored, 3,262; Chinese, 861; 

State, congressional and presidential elections, Tuesday after 
nrst Monday in November ; number Senators, 26: Representatives, 
49 ; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Mon- 
day in January ; limit of session, 40 days ; term of Senators. 4 
years ; of Representatives, 2 years. 

Number electoral votes, 3 ; number voters, 93,608 ; native white, 
05,215 ; foreign white, 26,873 ; colored, 1,520. Persons in prison 
excluded from voting. 

Not a mile of railroad in use in 1870; mileage, Jannary,l,1886, 2,857. 
Number colleges, 3; school population, 40,208; school age. 6-11, 

Legal Interest rate, 10 ; by contract, any rate. 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



153 



MAP OF COLORADO. 




154 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



■ NEW MEXICO. 



Named hi honor of one of the gods of the Aztecs, the ancient in- 
habitants of Mexico. 

Colonized by Spaniards, 1582; Santa Fe being oldest town in 
United States, next to St. Augustine; organized 1850. 
• Area, 122,580 square milef; length eastern boundary, 345 miles; 
western, 390 miles; average breadth north of 32°, 335 miles; altitude, 
8,000 to 4,000 feet. Number counties, 13. 

Temperature at Santa Fe, winter, 27° to 37°; summer, 66° to 70°. 
Rainfall, Fort Marcy, 17 inches. 

Santa Fe is capital and principal city; pop., 6,635. Las Vegas, 
Silver City and Albuquerque are growing in importance. 

But 8 miles railroad in operation in 1878, having increased to 
1,140, January 1,1884. 

Crops abundant wherever water can be obtained, and corn will 
ripen almost anywhere; 6,060 square miles irrigable land; number 
farms, 5.053; corn crop, 1884, 950,000 bu.; wheat. 930,000 bn.; oats, 
252,000 bu. Total acreage of the Territory, 78,451.200; in farms, 
631,131; in forests, 219.224; unoccupied, 77,820,069; proportion 
woodland area in the farm lands, 35 per cent. Average value corn, 
1884, 68 cents; wheat, 90 cents; oats, 40 cents. 
Salaries Territor'i 



COMPAKATIVE NUMBER OF SHEEP 
IN TERRITORIES. 




2 Spec'l Drafts- 
men $1,500 

Clerk 1,500 

Messenger 500 

Indian Agents. 

Jicarilla $1,200 

Mescalero 1,500 

Navajo 1,500 

Pueblo 2,000 

Presidential P. O. 

Albuquerque... $2,300 

Deming 1,500 

Las Vegas 2,100 

Raton 1,200 

Santa Fe 2,000 

Silver City 1,800 

Socorro 1,600 



Oflacers. 

Governor $2,600 

Secretary 1,800 

Treasurer 1,000 

Auditor 1,000 

Com'r Immig'n 900 
Librarian .... 600 
Chief Justice. . 3,000 
2 Asso. Justices 3.000 
Senators, ) $4 a day 
Represen- v & 20c. 

tatives.. I mileage. 
Col. Int. Rev.... 2,500 
2Dep Colls. ) 1,200 

Int. Rev., (to 1.700 
Surveyor Gen.. 2,500 
Translator and 

Chief Clerk... 2,000 

Grazing interest extensive and valuable. Recent reports give, 
mules. 10,18?; sheep, 4,435,200, valued at $7,539,840; hogs, 23,353, 
valued at S1S7,758. 

Mineral wealth is rapidly developing. Gold is found in Grant, 
Lincoln, Colfax and Bernalillo coimties; rich copper mines on the 
San Pedro Grant, in Bernalillo county, and in the Finos Altos re- 
gion. Zinc, quicksilver, lead, manganese, and large deposits of 
coal have been found. Gold production, 1882, was $150,000; silver, 
$1,800,000. 

Population, 119,565: male, 64,496; female, 55,069; native, 111,514; 
foreign, 8,051; white, 108,721; colored, 1,015; Chinese, 57; Indians, 
9,772. 

Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Mon- 
day in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; ses- 
sions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting 
first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; terms of Senators 
and Representatives, 2 years each, voting population, 34,078; 
native white, 26,423; foreign white, 4,558; colored, 3,095. 

School population, 20,265; school age, 7-18. 

Legal intereet rate, 6; by contract, 12. 



ATLAS OF TUB WOBLD. 



155 



MAP OF NEW MEXICO. 




?Z 



N 



i }^^¥lift^'^c'''/yoTroiiburdh ilj 



res i*iedr! 
J^nrgn ' ^.^^ , ^S»\V \,S iChnhvron- 

i«f^ J '^y i vl?*"^^^ vacate ^ 



^'•'^>'°^*'^X<$^^ I^ernH il lo/^*"^o Golden 

% tW«''"*^ V*p3eleii 

wW ^abinal "% \j:t.Sumner 






^'J'""'''^ Georg§.g„- gx^\J /Effgle o ^ou^A Fork •-> 7 --^- 

33°T ? LaiyPalomaA "^M^L JulalJosa H^ ^ X 

J\'e«'«oj!^( yZa/.eT'({LdLRiffCOn jNv>.ini„, „, ,, 

iasb ElitSsT^. &irf^?ys4 o San 'AjigMiW ™i**>#^ v ^y/„, 
,.IiS>--'c^^I^5SS<!£es«MEas CruceS SevenxRifer" c "*'"'" 



«^';':^. 



!«.'<- 1 "^ :^anarl<W\>^ntlion y 'iK'^ "' ■■■■- =" 






,0 ^ 



Paso'iiel Jiortcd 




-^3^^ 



I, 






Scale of Milks. 



Gallego 
! Laguna 



[Buonaveutura 
/ 




TEXAS g .^ i' 

%-,''^^'°CSierra Blanca 
, Valeutiae 



-"i^ 



8t|° 'Long. ai/Weat fro m 30 ^^ Waah?' 




•., Mc ACga,'^ ro., Chi.27f 



156 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



ARIZONA. 



Ar-i-z5'na. 



First visited by Spanish explorers as early as 1526; set off from 
New Mexico and became a Territory, 1863. 

Area, 113,020 square miles; greatest length, 375 miles • greatest 
breadth, 340 miles. Country drained by Colorado and Gila, with 
their tributaries; number counties, 11. 

Temperature at Prescott : winter, 34° to 42° ; summer, 71° to 73°. 
Kaiufiill at Yo\% Defiance, 14 inches. 

Tucson, the largesttown : ijopulation, 7,007. Prescott, the capital. 
Railroad mileage, 865; Sout lern Pacific crosses from east to west 
near southern boundary, and Atlantic & Pacific north of the 
central portion, making ready communication with East and West. 

Crop reports, 1883: wheat, 222,200 bu.; barley, 330,775 bu.; pota- 
toes, 52,936 bu.; hay, 10,710 tons; corn acreage, 1884, 2,850, 
producing 60,300 bu. Soil fertile in river bottoms and among valleys 
of Middle and Eastern Arizona, corn plauting following wheat or 
barley harvest, giving two crops yearly : oranges and other fruits 
and potatoes produce well wherever tliere is water; principal por- 
tion of irrigable land lies in valley of Gila and its northern 
branches; rich and abundant grasses, together with mild climate, 
make much of the Territory well adapted to stock raising; valuable 
timber on the mountains and along the streams. 



Salaries Territo- 
rial Ofiacers. 

Governor $2,600 

Secretary 1,800 

Treasurer 1.000 

Auditor 1,000 

Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,000 

Librarian 600 

Chief Justice... 3,000 

2 Asso. Justices 3.000 
Senators, 1 $4 a day 
Represen- Vand 20c. 

tatives.. ) mileage. 

3 Dist. Judges . 3,000 
Col. Int. Rev... 2,250 
2 Deputy ) 1,600 

Collectors ) to 1,700 
Clerk 1,100 



COPPER IN INGOTS ANNDAl. 

■PRODUCT. 




Surveyor Gen.. $2,500 
Chief Clerk. ... 2,400 
Land Clerk.. .. 1,600 
Land Copvist.. 1,200 
Spanish Trans'r 2,500 

Indian Agents. 

Colorado River$l,500 
Pima & Mari- 1 ^ an^ 

copa ) ^•^"" 

San Carlos 2,000 

Presidential P. O. 

Clifton $1,000 

Globe 1,100 

Phfenix 1,600 

Prescott 1,800 

Tombstone 1,900 

Tucson 2,300 



Abundant mineral wealth, which can now be developed with 
profit, owin^ to completion of railways; nearly all mountain 
ranges contain gold, silver, copper and lead ; gold production, 1882, 
$1,065,000; silver, $7,500,000. 

Ranks second in silver, and ninth in gold. 

Superior quality of lime found near Prescott and Tucson; beds 
of gypsum in San Pedro valley; remarkable deposits of pure, 
transparent salt near Callville. 

Population, 40,440: male, 28,202; female, 12,238; native, 24,391; 
foreign, 16,049; white, 35,160; colored, 155; Chinese, 1,630; Indians, 
3,493. 

Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Mon- 
day in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; ses- 
sions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting 
first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; terms of Senators 
and Representatives, 2 years each. Voting population, 20,398; 
native white, 9,790; foreign white, 8,256; colored, 2,352. 

School population, 10,283 ; school age, 6-21. 

Legal interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate; no penalty for usury. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



157 



MAP OF ARIZONA. 



~!Tu° -tong, -Ijc 



TnclianTort 
7m an 



* JFt'fcVfianc'i- 
TFilloui Spring 

\C<irrizo^ f 1^ 



sJ3Af:hur^^'^oilJ^comaltee ^ci^-^^^ 
munlaxn Spr^if ° Spring :jia!,iJ'arik'-^'^^> 

f-oT jfTucca. 



from 1 ("^ 




T 

Tanguitch 






JTanab 

Wolf Sjjring 






1109 = 

o 



^ 






Pi'SoWaterp. 



i«« Oigentes 



.o6ket„Efft^ };.CA*.J """JOE K 

"ti« LA '*'•«"'<( INDIAN 1^ ' 

¥-^ 

I 36° 



llingsj 
IIoTbrook 

St^o 



airviei 

^^ T^ -p;„,S MONGOUA' 

• (l„ . !„l^-. _ ..-Seymour (^*;^jj^„^;f^>^«^^^t.^aae ;trj 

; Indian ties, 

Casa Grande^ t V^Vga-jf c 



(GRANITE 



WASll%^i''' '^'^^ Tt."McDoweTl o<; -^laj. 



^JEhrenberg ■§5 

"■ " MTS. '■' 

Tanks 



}Nof(ohs o 



^^"^ 



JPinal 



Clilfton 



_^^ 



^j^|^^;^^;i^Taintg^(l; Roclc.''''^^ 



soMi*- 



<^^ = 



%m 



1h;Saucita % 



icacho ij-- > 



Jhrrai <S?1^.„ 



Cojeta 

.mil, 

^, Cdbdb% 
Fremont t%- 

sp:_ 

Critteriaen^ 



Tiibae , 




vp IDiincan' 

^^^.| "Dos Cabezo, |C5 

"Dragoon 
ZBenson 



j3ummit 



d'^ 



'Kiiilis'.on. J 
^^ ..-, -^^. °!®'S>mbst,one| 



S.a 



3 



SA\ ESPUELASl'^aiS. 



! Imuris 



gaa'ta Aug, > 

West ^Sh" froml|8't°' "Wash. (33° 










158 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



UTAH. 



Yoo'tah. 



VALUE OF CHEESE 


PRODUCT, 




1880. 




DAKOTA <:''^^ 


>j % 140 


MONT. 


1 




4,660 


ARIZ.. 
WASH. 




J 


6,195 
\ 




7,000 


IDAHO 


£ 


12,535 


UTAH 


^-^ 




18,974 



Surveyor Gen.. $2,500 
Chief Clerk.... 1,800 
Chief Drafts- 1 ^ rem 

man t *>"^"'' 



Settled by Mormons under the leadership of Brigham Young, Salt 
Lake, 1847. Territorial government formed 1850. 

Area, 84,900 square miles, Tcry nearly same as Idaho; average 
length, 350 miles; breadth, 260 miles. Largest rivers. Grand and 
Green, together with the Colorado, which they unite to form. Num- 
ber counties, 24. 

Temperature at Salt Lake City: winter, 29° to 40°; summer, 69° 
to 77°: rainfall, 24 inches. 

Salt Lake City, capital and metropolis; pop., 20,768. Ogden, at 
junction of Union and Central Pacific, pop., " 069. Railroad mile- 
age, 1,134; Union and Central Pacific through me north. 

Number farms, 9,452; land under cultivation, over 400,000 acres; 
value farm products, $10,000,000. Valleys of the Cache, Salt Lake, 
Jordan, Sevier and Eio Virgin, are irrigable, and produce fine crops 
of cereals and vegetables. Wheat crop of 1884, 1,67",000 bushels. 

Annual income from stock raising, about $2,000,000, though graz- 
ing interest perhaps not so important as in neighboring States and 
Territories. 
Salaries of Terri- 
torial Officers. 

Governor $2,600 

Secretary 1,800 

Treasurer COO 

Auditor 1.500 

Supt. Pub. Ins.. 1,.500 

Librarian 250 

Chief Justice . . 8,000 
2ASS0. Justices 3,000 
Senators, ) $4 a day, 
Kepresen- > mileage. 

tatlves.. I 20 cents. 
Dist. Attor-I 250 

ney . . . . ) & fees. 
11 U. S. Com- ( y 

missioners.. I 
Col. Int. Rev.... 2.500 
2 Dep'y Col- \ 1,600 

lectors .... ) to 1,800 

Gold, copper and silver found in Wahsatch Mountains, the metal 
;bund being mostly silver. Gold production, 1882, $190,000; silver, 
$6,800,000. 

Production coal, 1882, 250,000 tons; principal source of supply in 
valley of Weber river. 

Ranks t jird in silver, and seventh in salt, an inexhaustible supply 
of the latter being furnished by the lake. 

Population, 143,963: male, 74.509; female, 69,454; native, 99,969; 
foreign, 43,994 ; white, 142,423 ; colored, 232; Chinese, 501; Indians, 
807. 

Territorial elections annual, first Monday in August; congres- 
Bional elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November; number 
Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; sessions of lemBlature, bien- 
nial. In odd-numbered years, meeting second Monday in January; 
limit of session, 60 days ; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 
years each. 

Voting population, 32,773: native white, 13,795; foreign white, 
18,283; colored, 695. 

School population, 43,303; school age, 6-18; number colleges,!. 

Legal interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate. 



Indian Ag-ents. 

Ouray $1,500 

Clerk 1,000 

Uintah Valley.. 1,500 
Clerk.. 1,006 



Presidential P. O. 

Logan $1,200 

Ogden City.... 2,400 

Park City 1,500 

ProvoCity . ... 1.100 
Salt Lake City.. 2,900 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



159 



MAP OF UTAH. 



Long. '113" We^^fromll2J Grecuwich. 'ljl 

/Pocate 



aicCammo 
^©ATbion 



HMalacl City ® 



♦ 20- #• 

G^oicse ^'i .Snow -^ ZPortaae° 

f «--C-<^- ISi^;^ Vf^ACflf^ Fort 

*r o.x^^'-;^^CoaiV^ /S^ 

Mir; i''i5\ SALT?E^E),CIT>Ji .uOiWauahip ^ 

Jn'|Il;|^':'':;'':\ Stockton/> 

'"''' «-X>»*^ ?Pr^/rJpi}|&lea3antiGr. / «/ 

^ GJshen!^ ' 




^°'4wte5|i.^ 



&'yito, 
Jt/enTZoiJQi'y 



JBlack Eock ^kOT" "'^^7 " ^^^'^^ood 

. .jutners I'.Jj^j^ctio^S) LClovfV Flat 
'Y ^aragdnd^ Kingston, ptter \ ' 

; Parowan® jTebl^sdaUx -< 

I J7|l^ S ) > -n -^. , ° Q^nriimilTe. 

3.( '•' 







160 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



WYOMING, w:-.'^,. 

First Bettlements, trading poets of Forts Laramie and Bridget; 
organized 1869. 

Area, 97,890 square miles; very nearly a rectangle, and about tho 
same area as Oregon ; length, 350 miles; breadth, 275 miles. J argest 
rivers, Green, Snake, Big Horn, Powder, Big Cheyenne and North 
Platte. Number countiee, 9. Temperature at Cheyenne : winter, 
23° to 33"; summer, 63° to 69°. Kainfall at Fort Laramie, 15 inches. 

Cheyenne is the capital and principal distributing point. Rail- 
road mileage, 625 ; Union Pacific runs through extreme south from 
east to west, and connects Cheyenne with Denver. 

Wheat, rye, oats and barley flourish, but frosts too frequent for 
corn. Big Horn country, in northwest, has area 15,000 square miles; 
fine agricultural country; water plentiful; game and fur-bearing ani- 
mals numerous, rendering it one of most desirable hunting grounds 
of America. Grazing interest important, and iucreaeinii: rapidly, 
more than half the area being rich grazing. land. Mountains cov- 
ered with forests of coniferae, which will prove very useful for 
lumber. 



VALUE OF Cattle i 
1882 


H TERRITORIES, 


UTAH 





$ 2,371,060 


WASH.. 


() 


2,814,027 


IDAHO r 
DAKOTA (~ 
N. MEX. f 




'^ 4,875,000 
"N 5,827,800 
"^ 7,222,500 




MONTANA 




14,809,0))0 


Wyoming 




18,298,8U0) 



SAsst. Drafts- 
men $1,100 

6 Asst. Drafis- 

- men 1,200 

2 Transcribing 
Clerks 1,400 

6 Transcribing 
Clerks 1,200 

Messenger 600 

Supt. Yellow- \ 2 n^n 
stone Nat.Pk.) ^'""° 
10 Assistants... »00 



Presidential P. O. 

Cheyenne City.$2,400 

Evanston 1,.500 

Laramie City.. 1,800 
Rawlins 1,400 



Salaries of Terri- 
torial Officers. 

Governor $2,600 

Secretary 1,800 

Treas., $800 and com. 

Auditor 1,000 

Supt. Pub. Inst. 400 

Librarian 400 

Chief Justice... 3,000 

2ASSO. Justices 3,000 

Senators, 1 §4 a day 

Represen- S- and 20c. 
tatives.. ) mileage. 

Col. Int. Rev.... 2,000 

2Dept.Colls. I l.iOO 
Inter.Rev. I to 1,500 

Surveyor Gen . . 2,500 

Chief Clerk.... 2,000 

Chief Drafts- 
man 1,800 

Mineral resources extensive ; iron ore abundant ; copper, lead, 
plumbago and petroleum found ; gold, in the Sweetwater country 
and near Laramie City; valuable deposits of soda in valley of the 
Sweetwater. Coal abundant and of good quality at Evanston, 
Carbon, Rock Springs and other points; these deposits extensively 
worked, and furnish nearly all the coal used by the railroads ana 
by settlements hundreds of miles eait and west. 

But little attention has as yet been given to mechanical and man- 
ufacturing iudu.stries. Capital, as last reported, $804,673, of which 
$212,603 is invested in manufacture of iron and steel. Value of 
products of the latter is $491,345 ; total value of products, $898,494. 
Number hands employed, syi. 

Population, 20.789: male, 14,152; female, 6,637; native, 14,939; 
foreign, 5,850; white, 19,437; colored, 298; Chinese, 914; Indians, 140. 

Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Mon- 
day in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 84; ses- 
sions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting 
second Tuesday in January; limit of session, 60 days; terms or 
Senators and Representatives. 8 years each. Voting population, 
10,180; native white, 6,042; foreign white, 8,199; colored, 939. 

Good school systeia started; school pop., 4,112; school age, 7-fl, 

Legal Interest rate, 12 ; by contract, any rate. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



161 



MAP OF WYOMING. 




162 



ATLAS OF THE WOBLD. 



MONTANA. M8n.U>'Bah. 

Formerly a part of Idaho; became a Territory, 1864; received 
abont 2,000 Bquare miles from Dakota, 1873. 

Area, 146,080 square miles ; length, east and west, 460 to 540 
miles; average breadth, 275 miles. Drained by the Missouri and 
iti tributaries and the tributaries of the Colorado. Number coun- 
ties, 14. 

Temperature at Virginia City, winter, 17° to 30°; summer, 55° to 
65°: rainfall seldom exceeds 12 inches per annum. 

Three U. S. districts; court held twice a year at Helena, twice at 
Virginia City, and three times at Deer Lodge. Helena, the capital 
and most important town. Railroad mileage, 1,032; Northern Pa- 
cific extends through the Territory from east to west. 

Immense art as cultivable land; cereal productions, 1882, were 
1,857,540 bu., of which 1,100,000 were oats; potatoes yielded 300,000 
bu., and hay 93,000 tons. Wheat crop in 1884, 1,372,000 bu.; oatp, 
1,740,000 bu. Some varieties of corn grown In portions of Terri- 
tory, but generally too cold. 

Grazing interest of value; estimated area valuable grazing land, 
100,000 square miles ; great extent of plains and mountain valleys 
yet untouched by herdsmen. Latest returns give 686,839 cattle, 
465,750 sheep, and 17,544 swine. 



GOLD PRODUCED FROM PLACER 
FIELDS IN 1880. 



WASHINQTON 
DAKOTA / \ $119,000 

!50,S59 /IDAHO' 
A 1% 879,644) 




UTAH / \ ARIZONA 

$20,000 yWONTANAX $29,999 
X /$1,,162,906\ A 



Indian Agents. 



Blackfeet $1,800 

Crow 2,000 

Flathead 1,600 



Presidential P. O. 

Billings $1,500 

Bozeman 1,900 

Butte City 2,500 

DeerLodge City 1,500 

Dillon 1,400 

Fort Benton 1,600 

Glendive 1,100 

Helena 2,500 

Livingston 1,600 

Miles City 1,600 

Missoula 1,700 

Virginia City.. 1,000 



Salaries Territo- 
rial Oflacers. 

Governor $2.C00 

Secretary 1,800 

Treasurer 1,500 

Auditor 1,500 

Supt. Public In- 

Btruction 1,200 

Chief Justice... 3,000 

5 Asso. Justices 3,000 
Senators, ) $4 pr. day 
Repres'n- > and 20 c. 

tatives. ) mileage. 
Surveyor Gen.. 2,500 

Chief Clerk 1,800 

Chf. Drafts^man 1,600 
Col. Int. Rev. .. 2,500 

6 Deputy Colls. 
Internal Rev. 1,600 

Aasayer 2..500 

Melter 2,250 

One of richest mining coimtr es in the world; mineral wealth al- 
most inexhaustible. Product for 1879 was S3,639,000, of which % 
was gold and y^ f-ilver: product, 1880, was $3,822,379, of which % 
was silver and X gold; production, 1882, $6,920,000, of which % 
was silver and % gold. 

Manufacturing^ inteiests mainly smelting works, and flour and 
lumber mills. Ranks fifth in silver and in gold. 

Popalation, 89,139; male, 28,177; female, 10,982; native, 27,638; 
foreign, 11,521; white, 35,385; colored, 346 ; Chinese, 1,765; In- 
dians, 1,663. 

Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Mon- 
day in November: number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; ses- 
sions of legislature, biennial, in odd-numbered years, meetii^ sec- 
ond Monday in January; limit of session, 60 days; terms of bena- 
tors and Representatives, 2 years each. Voting population, 21,544; 
native white, 18,162; foreign white, 7,474 ; colored, 1,908. 

School population, 10,482; school age, 4-21; graded schools in 
Deer Lodge City, Virginia City and Helena. 

Legal interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



163 



MAP OF MONTANA. 




1<I4 



ATLAS OF THE WOBLD. 



IDAHO. 



I'dah-ho. 



White population previous to 1850, mainly trappers, prospectors 
and missionaries ; permanent settlement began with diBCOvery of 
gold, 1860 ; organized as Territory, 1863. 

Area, 84.800 square miles ; length in west, 485 miles, and on 
Wyoming boundary, 140 miles ; width, 45 miles in north, and nearly 
800 miles in south. Drainage mainly by Salmon and Snake rivers 
and their tributaries. Number counties, 15. 

Temperature at Boise City: winter, 30° to 40° ; summer, 68° to 75°. 

Boise City, the capital, and contains national bank and peniten- 
tiary. Florence and Silver Ciiy are flourishing mining towns. Rail- 
road mileage, 777; Northern Pacific crosses northern part. 

Extreme north well timbered and much fertile land ; extreme 
southeast populated almost entirely by Mormons, chiefly farmers; 
4,480,000 acres suitable for agriculture, and 5,000,000 for grazing, 
most of the ranges being as yet unoccupied. Latest reports give, 
cattle, 220,612 ; sheep, 187,500; swine, 24,780. 

Cash value per acre of corn in 1883, $18* wheat, $13. 77; rye, 
$11.79; oats", $21.31; barley, $21.30; potatoes, $73.44; hay, $10.40. 

Clerk 81,000 

Asst. Melter 1,200 

Surveyor Gen'l. 2,500 

Chief Clerk 1,800 

Draftsman 1,500 

Messenger 600 



INCKEASE \% FARM CROPS, 1870 
TO. 1880. 

C6RNJ^5flO,g58 bu.:RYE-,-£r 2,586 
bu. 






N. WHEAT iv^' 

4)4,939 TJuT 




Indian Agents. 

Fort Hall $1,500 

Lemhi 1,100 

NezPerces 1,600 



Presidential P. O. 

Bellevue $1,200 

Boise City 1.800 

Hailev 1,200 

Ketchum 1,000 

Lewiston 1,200 



Salaries Territo- 
rial OflB.cers. 

Governor $2,600 

Secretary 1,800 

Treasurer 1,000 

Auditor 1,800 

Librarian 250 

Chief Justice... 3,000 
SAsso. Justices 3,000 
Senators, ) ?4 a day 
Represen- vand 29c. 

tatives. ) mileage. 
8Dist.Attor-) 250 

neys ) & fees. 

Col. Int. Rev.... 2,250 
S Dep. C0I-) 1,400 

lectors ) to 1,600 

Assayer 2,000 

Asst. Assayer.. 1,440 

Most of the gold is found in Idaho, Boise and Alturas counties ; 
silver, in Owyhee county; some of the mines being very rich. Gold 
production, 1883, $1,500,000; silver, $2,000,000. Wood River Di(«- 
trict on southern slope of Salmon River Mountains, at headwaters 
of Wood or Malade river, gives promise of valuable mining opera- 
tions. Coal in vicinil y of Boise City. Ranks sixth in gold and silver. 

Manufactures, chiefly production of flour and lumber, and 
smelting of ores. 

Population, 32,610: malep, 21,818; female, 10,793; native, 23,(536; 
foreign, 9,974; white, 29,013; colored, 53 ; Chinese, 3,379; Indians, 
165. 

Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Mon- 
day in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24 ; ses- 
sions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting 
second Monday in Deceiiiber; limit of session, 60 days ; terms of 
Senators and Representatives, 2 years each. 

Voting population, 14,795; native white, 7,331; foreign white, 
4,838; colored, 3,126. 

School population, 9,650; school age, 521. 

Legal interest rate, 10 ; by contract, 18 ; usury forfeits three 
'iiae«' excess of interest. 



ATLAS OF TEE WOULD. 



166 



MAP OF IDAHO. 



1.1 2 'o 



tub 



117'° „.,,Xong..i IS^^West fromi 1 5 = GiTeen . 7^7° 

' B\1^I If J%H{iP OSSESSIONS 
1 




arf4.-fiK/^„/^GoId^Hill/#°%daQ Creek 
iMf/Wo^''''Wi < WGale'Hf oRicharHson 



'^Qstner'^Br, 



Camas 1 



o^reo 



Kennedy 



rket Lake 



!o 



i3°i i^aiVrieM^ 



hPicabo 
APagorl 
'Shuman 



Eaj^le Roclj 
Basal ti! 



Idaho Cit^ / ®Rock5MBM'^'^^etchnm o Stage Station 



gol ' f 

"n" e' V A 

Scale of Miles. 

10 50 30' .40 60 SO 70 



r:Basino ^Iba IV 

Oakleys 3rala-a Cy-O.^J ! 

^ IT T aP% 

rip 



.♦0^^^ Xong. 89»'^eat ft-oa3ar°'Waat. 87!? -3t..Ttfg^36?# Co., Cfti^, 



^ 



166 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



WhiV ADA. *'Sage Hen State/' 

Name of Spanish derivation, Bignifying " Snow-covered." 

First vs^hite settlements in Washoe and Carson valleys, 1848; or- 
ganized as a Territory from Utah, 1861; admitted, 1864. 

Area, 110,700 square miles; extreme length, 485 miles; length 
western boundary, 210 miles ; extreme breadth, 810 miles. HJum- 
boldtthe longest river; its valley, extending east and west, deter- 
mined course of Central Pacific. Number counties, 15. 

Temperature at Winnemucca: winter, 30° to 38°; summer, 66° 
to 73°. 

Virginia City, metropolis and chief commercial centre; popula- 
tion, 10,917. Carson CUty, capital, and contains a branch mint ; 
population, 4,229. Railroad mileage, 948; Central Pacific extends 
through the State, east and west. Waters of rivers usually fresh, 
and abound in fish. 

Number farms, 1,404; many valleys easily cultivated, and crop 
yield good. Corn, 1884, &30 acres; wheat, 5,515 acres; oats^, 7,858 
acres. Area grazing land, 7,508,060 acres. Reported January 1, 
1884, 40,732 horses and mules; 385,350 sheep, valued at $793,821; 
13,200 hogs, valued at $110,880. 



Salaries of State 
Ofiacers. 

Governor $5,000 

LIeut.Gov 8,000 

Bec'y of State.. 3,000 

Treasurer 3,000 

Compti-oUer.... 3,000 
Attorney Gen.. 3,000 
Supt. Pub. Inst. 2,400 
Chief Justice.. 6,000 
8 Asso. Justices 0,000 
Senators, ) $3 a day 
Kepresen >■ and 40 c. 
tatives. ) a mile. 
DiBtrict Judge. 3,500 
Surveyor Gen.. 3,000 

Chief Clerk 2,000 

Draftsman 1,500 

Col. Int. Rev.... 2,375 



C0MPARI80N OF FARIV PRODUCTS, 

188?. 
CORN, 18,000 bush. 




1 




WHEAT. 




95.000 " 




OATS, 




221,000 " 




POTATOES, 




390,000 " 




BARLEY, 




468,000 " 





4 Deputy \ $1,860 

Collectors I to 1,950 

Supt. of Mint... 8,000 

Jlelt. & Refiner 8,600 

Coiner 2,600 

Assayer 2,600 

Cashier 2,000 

Weigh. Clerk.. 8,000 
Reg. Deposits.. 1,800 
2 Indian Agts.. 1,800 

Presidential P. O. 



Austin $1,400 

Carson City.... 1,800 

Elko 1,200 

Eureka 1,700 

Gold Hill 1,000 

Reno 1.800 

Tuscarora 1,200 

Virginia City.. 2,000 
Winnemucca.. 1,200 

Mineral resources of enormous value; Comstock lode supposed 
to be richest silver mine in the world; Eureka one of the most 
productive. Amount of gold produced, 1882, $2,000,000; silrer, 
$6,750,000, Rich lead and copper ores; alfo zinc, platinum, tin 
and nickel have been found. Extensive deposits of borax in 
Churchill and Esmeralda counties. 

Ranks second in gold, and fourth in silver. 

Population, 62,266; male, 42,019; female, 20,247; native, 36,613; 
foreign, 25,653; white, 53,556; colored, 4^; Chinese, 5,416; In- 
dians, 2,803. 

Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature 
every 2 years; State, presidential and congressional elections Tues- 
day after first Monday in November; number Senators, 20; Repre- 
sentatives, 40; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered 
years, meeting first Monday in January; limit of session, 60 
days; term of Senators, 4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. 
Voting population, 31,255; native white, 11,442; foreign white, 
14,191 ; colored, 5,622. Idiots, insane and convicts excluded from 
voting. 

Number colleges, 1 ; school population, 10,483 ; school age, 6-18. 

Legal interest rate, 10; by contract, any rate. 



ATLAS OF TEE WOULD. 



167 



MAP OF NEVADA. 



"3ongTf9» "Wo9tn8° ^Sa&7iV Green. 



O H JS G O K\ 



Jlwnboldt House 
1 4 SheepT^ad 



'Tfitt(^o Creek o!m 



IPar^iseTaUe^ 
i I 'Willow JPoini of |# 




Tv.scarora 
"Deefh 
-.u^ „,, —, .^ "Halleck.o^--'' WpH a 



lolcomla 1 



Joaaa 



Jyra 



'T/hionviUe 



°£MionA 



H'Laie ctti^i^— ^ ., I 

m-a3^^><Pl^3Ca«.n Canton 



BlaokbuiTrt<i ° }o0mRubyX: 
Alpha4 Huntingtiffa ^ 

Cedars . /o C'oia tV. o^ _ 

„-.„.■ ,,- Diamondli, 
StiUwater J^cobsyi ijujj, HiJJ^Eureka 

_.^J?S^ '^ /misworfn ^ mgrhardto 
lenbrooK >^uon KaTZej/^ J Danville o I a. o Vram 

c^ljS^^ ?«!^ c Downci/i'iiJe j ^ "Dackwater 

^'"'V""\ ffllTFaZAer X. ° Granlville f^-nrx^^, jf'i 

, VVV-fVHawthorne £i^,,f C^^^-%# 
'"' *^Luning Sun^ntonio 



'ranklm I, 

ffastu/« 



(Osceola 






,-Tybo 



MonoXake 



"Bodie ®^» ® Aurora iBelle^lJe 

/^\ yS Canaelaria Jteveille Q 
X. / 'CSluinbua n 

\ Silve^J'k. -TM- . ife 

\. :§.<? ^Jnontezumam 

, \ ^" 

/Owens Lake ^V 



/^^ PiocSL 

"Syiioaviife I o 
mk^o J^anaca 

CWer Valley °Ji\ 





168 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



CALIFORNIA. 



Kal-e-for'ne-ah. 

'• Tlie Golden State." 

Name of Spanish origin, signifying "Hot Furnace." 

First settlement by Spaniards at San Diego, 1768; admitted 1850. 

Area, 158,360 square miles, the second largest State; extremt 
length, 770 miles; extreme breadth, S30 miles; least breadth, 160 
miles; coastline, over 700 miles ; San Francisco Bay, best harbor 
on western coast. Number counties, 52. 

Temperature at San Francisco : winter, 50° to 55° ; summer, 58' 
to 69°. Rainfall, Sacramento, 20 inches. 

San Francisco, metropolis and only port of entry. Regular line 
of steamers to Australia, Panama, Mexico, China and Japan ; pop., 
233,959. Sacramento, capital; pop., 81,420. Population Oakland, 
84,655; San Jos6, 12,567; Stockton, 10,282; Los Angeles, 11,183; 
U. S. navy yard at San Pablo Bay. 

Number farms, 35,934. Average value per acre, cleared land, 
$27.16; woodland, $8.55. 

One of the richest agricultural tracts in the Union ; rich soil and 

favorable climate, often insuring two crops per year on same field; 

wheat the most valuable crop; crop of 1884, 44,320,000 bu.; corn, 

8,800,000 bu.; oats, 2,149,000 bu. 

Salaries of State 

Ofllcers. 

Governor $6,000 

Sec'y of State.. 3,000 

Treasurer 3,000 

Comptroller.... 3,000 
Supt. Pub. Inst. 3,000 
Attorney Gen.. 3,000 
Surveyor Gen.. 3,000 
State Librarian 3,000 
District Judge. 5,000 
Senators, ) $8 a day, 
Represen- >- mileage 

tatives.. ) 10c.& $25 
2 Colls. Int. ) 3,125 

Revenue.. ) to 4,500 
Col. Customs I r, nnrt 
BanFrancisco ) ''""" 
Pension Agent. 4,000 

Supt. Mint 4,500 

Assay er 3,000 



GOLD AND Silver Deposited at 

Mints and assay Offices, 

1793 TO 1883. 

DAKOTA OREQON UTAH 

A ♦ A .A 



it; 443, 688.75 17, ■438,940.41 16,274,160 J7 
MONTANA IDAHO 




M'lt'r & Reflnr.83,000 

Presidential P. O. 

Chico $1,800 

Fresno City .... 1,900 

Los Angeles 3,000 

Marysville 1,900 

Napa City 8,000 

Oakland 8,100 

Petaluma 1,900 

Red Blutf 1,800 

Sacramento 3,000 

San Bernardino 1,800 

San Diego 1,800 

San Francisco.. 5,000 

San Jose 2,700 

Santa Barbara. 1,900 

Santa Cruz 1,900 

Santa Rosa 1,900 

Stockton 2,500 

40 P.O... 1,700 to 1,000 

Ranks very high as a fruit-growing State; fruits of temperate 

climates, about 4,000,000 trees; sub-tropical fruits and nuts, 260,000 

trees; grape region north to 41°, with an average breadth of 100 

miles, aud contains over 21,000,000 vines. 

Fine sheep-raising country. Cashmere goats have been intro- 
duced and are doing well. 

Ranks first in barlej^, grape culture, sheep, gold and quicksilver; 
third in hops; fifth in wheat and salt; seventh in silk goods; 
•ighthinsoap and silver. 

Population, 864,694: male, 518,176; female, 346,518; native, 571,- 
820; foreign, 292,874; white, 767,181; colored, 6,018; Chinese, 75,- 
132; Japanese, 86; Indians, 16,277. 

Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legisla- 
ture every two years; number Senators, 40; Representatives, 80; 
sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 
first Monday after January Ist; limit of session, 60 days; term or 
Senators, 4 years ; of Representatives, 2 years . 

Number electoral votes, 8 ; number white voters, 262,683. Idiott, 
Indians, convicts and Chinese excluded from votin? 
School population, 216,330; school age, 5-17. 
Legal interest rate, 7 ; by contract, any rate. 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



169 



MAP OF CALIFORNIA. 




ito 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



OREGON. 



Or'e-gon. 

Name derived from Spanish word eignifying " Wild Thyme," bo 
called on account of the abundance of the herb found by early ex- 

Slorers, Credit of discovery generally given to Captain Gray, of 
loston, 1792 ; Fur Company's trading post at Astoria, 1811 ; organ- 
ized as a Territory, 1848 ; admitted 1859. 

Area, 96,030 square miles ; average length, 360 miles ; breadth, 260 
miles ; coast line, 300 miles ; Columbia river frontage, 300 miles. 
Number counties, 27. Temperature at Portland : winter, 38° to 46° ; 
summer, 62° to 68'': rainfall ut Dalles, 22 inches, and at Fort Hoskins, 
67 inches. 

Portland, Astoria and Coos Bay are ports of entry; Oregon City, 
Roseburgh and La Grande are land offices. Portland, the metropo- 
lis; population, 33,400. Salem is capital. 

Number farms, 16,217; about 25,000,000 acres arable land, and same 
of grazing land; forest, 30,000,000 acres. Average value per acre, 
clefired land, $-31 71 ; woodland, $4.50. 

Wheat the staple ; noted for superiority of its flour and for weight, 
often reaching 65 pounds per bu. Wheat crop, 188i, 15,462,000 bu. ; 
oats, 5,470,000 bu. 

Chief Clerk ...$1,800 

Draftsman 1,500 

( 1,000 
5 Ind. Agents. < to 

[ 1.200 



Salaries of State 
Oflacers. 

Governor $1,500 

Bee. of State, I , -n^ 
Aud. & Comp. f ^'°"" 

Treasurer 800 

Supt. of Pub. In. 1,500 
State Librarian. 500 
Chief Justice... 2,000 
2 Asso. Justices 2.000 
Senators, ) 83 a day 
Represen- > and 15c. 

tatives.. ) per mile. 

District Judge.. 3,500 

District ) 200 & 

Attorney.. ) fees. 
Col. Int. Rev... 2,500 
Col. Customs, ( o AAA 

Astoria ) '*'""" 

Appraiser 3,000 

Surveyor Gen.. 2,500 



Value of fishery Products, 
1880. 

WASH. CAL, TEXAS 

$181,372 / / \\ $128,300 




OREGON, f 1,860,714 .ALASKA 



Presidential P. O. 

Albany $1,600 

Ashland 1,000 

Astoria 1,»00 

Baker City 1,400 

Corvallis 1,300 

East Portland ..1,600 
Eugene City.... 1,400 
Jacksonville... 1,200 
Oregon City . . . .1,200 

Pendleton 1,600 

Portland 3,200 

Roseburgh 1,100 

Salem z.lOO 

The Dalles 1,700 



Cattle raising ranks 2d only to asricultnre; wool is of fine quality. 

Extremely rich in minerals; gold found in Jackson, JoaepWne, 
Baker and Grant counties; copper, in Josephine, Douglas and Jack- 
eon counties; iron ore, throughout the State; coal, along Coast 
Ranee. 

Principal exports are wheat, flour, lumber and canned salmon. 
Over 10,000,000 feet lumber cut annually, and over 600,000 cases 
salmon packed. 

Population, 174,768: male, 103,381; female, 71,387; native, 144,285; 
foreign, 80,503; white, 163,075; colored, 487; Chinese, 9,510; Indians, 
1,694. 

Governor and State officers elected quadrennially, and legisla- 
ture every two years; number of Senators, 30; Representatives, 60; 
sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 
first Monday in January; limit of session, 40 days; term of Senators, 
4 years; of Representatives, 2 years. 

Number of electoral votes, 3 ; voting population, 59,629. U. S. 
army, idiots, insane, convicts, and Chinese excluded from voting. 

Number of colleges, 7; school population, 65,216; school age, 4-«). 

Legal interest rate, 8 ; by contract, 10 ; usury forfeits principal 
and interest. 



ATLAS OF TEE WORLD. 



171 



MAP OF OREGON. 




^ O ^ A N' ^ 



173 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



WASHINGTON. w»s..ing..o.. 

First settlement of white Americans at Tumwater, 1845, though 
trading posts had before been established by fur traders; organ- 
ized 1853. ^ 

Area, 69,180 square miles, nearly same as Missouri; greatest 
length, 840 miles ; greatest breadth, 240 miles ; Pacific coast line, 
about 180 miles. Number counties, 83. 

Temperature at Olympia: winter, 37° to 44°; summer, 59° to 62°. 
Rainfall, Ft. Colville, 10 inches ; at Ft. Vancouver, 89 Inches, and 
at Neah Bay, 123 inches. 

Olympiais the capital, and Walla Walla and Seattle the largest 
towns. Harbors of Puget Sound numerous and excellent. Rail- 
road mileage, 716; Northern Pacific from Wallula Junction to Idaho 
line, and from Kalama to New Tacoma, which is connected by 
railway with Seattle. 

About 25 per cent, of area well fitted for agriculture ; cereals all 
thrive, but generally too cold for corn; wheat crop, 1884, 4,118,000 
bushels; oats, 2,623,000. Fruits of temperate zone, excepting 
peaches, attain perfection. Considerable attention paid to hop 
culture, latest reports giving 703,277 pounds; also 1,003,530 bushew 
potatoes. 



Salaries Territo- 
rial Oflacers. 

Governor $2,600 

Secretary 1,800 

Treasurer 1,200 

Auditor 1,200 

Supt.Pub.Ins'n. 1,000 

Librarian 400 

Chief Justice... 3,000 
3 Asso. Justices 3,000 
Senators, | $4 a day 
Represen- >• and 20c 

tatives, ) mileage 
Surveyor Gen.. 2,500 
Chief Clerk... 1,800 
Chief Drftsm'n 1,700 
Col. of Cus- ) $1,000 

toms... .... i&fees 

Col. Int. Kev... 2,250 
3Dep. Colls. I 1.200 

Int. Rev... I to 1,600 



VALUE OF BUTTER PRODUCT, 


f^ZIZ^ 


1880. 


JDAHoT 


^^—^3 


^II^ 


\ Montana/ 


Idakota 


\ $3,240 J 


1 1 2,120 


r~-^^=^^^^ 


^^ 


3 \ WASHINGTON / 


i UTAH 


tezzzriw 


r— ^ 

$2,954 


\ $11,820* 1 



Indian. Ag'ents. 

Colville $1,500 

Neah Bay 1,000 

Nisqually 1,200 

Quiniaielt 1,000 

Skokomish 1,200 

Tulalip 1,000 

Yakama 2,000 



Presidential P. O. 

Cheney $1,100 

Colfax 1,500 

Dayton 1,500 

Olympia 1,600 

Port Towniend. 1,200 

Seattle 8,500 

Spokane Falls.. 1,700 

Sprague 1,200 

Tacoma 1,600 

Vancouver 1,200 

Walla Walla.... 2,300 

Grazing interest valuable and rapidly increasing; grazing resion 
east of Cascade Range, the bunch grass furnishing an inexhaustible 
food supply. 

Coal mined at Bellingham Bay and Seattle; area coal-bearing 
strata^ 20,000 square miles. Gold-bearing quartz and silver lodes 
exist m Cascade and Coast ranges ; copper, cinnabar, lead and other 
minerals are found. 

Lumber resources almost inexhaustible; amount lumber cut 
annually, 250,000,000 to 800,000.000 feet, 150,000,000 being exported. 

Population, 75,116: male, 45,973; female, 29,143; native, 59,813; 
foreign, 15,803; white, 67,199; colored, 325; Chinese, 3,186; 
Indians, 4,405. 

Territorial and congressional elections, Tuesday after first Mon- 
day in November; number Senators, 12; Representatives, 24; 
sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 
first Mondny in October; terms of Senators and Representative!, 2 
years each; limit of session, 60 days. Voting population, 27,670; 
native white, 15,858; foreign white, 8,393; colored, 8,419. 

Number colleges, 2; school population, 23,890; school age, 4-21. 

Legal interest rate, 10; by contract, any rat*. 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



173 



MAP OF WASHINGTON. 




174 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



CENTRAL AMERICA AND WEST INDIES. 

Central America ia an irregular mass of land in sonthem part of 
North America, and lies about midway between the two great con- 
tinental masses of the "New World. It includes the republics of 
Guatemala, Honduras, San Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, 
together with British Honduras. 

The West Indies, an extensive system of islands lying southeast 
of North America, contain the large islands of Cuba, Hayti, 
Jamaica and Porto Rico, and are arranged mostly in three groupt; 
viz., Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles and the Bahamas. 





Area, 
Sq. Sliles 


Pop. 


Capital. 


Pop. 


British Honduras 

Costa Rica 


7,562 
26,040 
41,830 
39,600 
49,500 

7.225 
43,220 
10 204 
18,045 

4,362 

3,550 


27,452 
190,000 

1,278,311 
458,000 
400,000 
554,786 

1,521,684 
672,000 
400,000 
585.536 
754,313 


Belize 


5,787 
20,000 
65,728 
12,000 

la.ooo 

18,600 
26,000 
35,000 
10.000 
38,568 
87,000 


Guatemala 


New Guatemala 

Tegucigalpa 


Honduras 


Nicaragua 


San Salvador 


San Salvador 


Cuba 


IT ti (Haytl 


Port-au Prince. ..... 

San Domingo 

Kingston ...,..,.. .. 
San Juan 


"ayti { San Domingo... 

Jamaica ^ . . . 

Porto Rico 



Statement of Exports and Imports at Belize for the 
year ending Dec 31, 1882. 



EXPORTS. 

Bananas $ 10,980 

Cocoanuts 25,132 

Sarsaparilla 14,278 

Logwood 306,072 

Mahogany 215.807 

Rubber 18,064 

Raw Sugar 218,913 



IMPORTS. 

Boots and Shoes $ 13,918 

Butter 14,783 

Cotton Goods 190,436 

Beef and Pork ... 59,405 

Hardware and Cutlery. . 88,234 

Flour 71,200 

Fancy Goods 24,844 



Exports'of Cuba, 1882-83. 
Baracoa— 1883. 

Cocoanuts, hundreds 9,083,806 

Bananas, bunches, hundred 628,918 

Value % 671,925 

Cocoanut Oil 98,930 

Santa Cruz— 1882. Sagua and Cardenas— 1882. 
Mah'any and cedar logs. $166,577 Sugar S1T»484,884 



Palm Leaf 8,4.53 

Mahogany Crutches 1,490 



Molasses 3,941,522 

Melada 262,283 



Exports of Porto Rico, 1882-83 



Mataoubz— 1883. 

Sugar $1,141,784 

Colee 1,566,327 

Molasses 326,690 



Aquadilla and Arkcibo— 1883. 

Sugar $1,409,978 

Coffee 567,073 

Tobacco 104,173 

Exports of Hayti, 1883. 



Coffee $ 67,341,162 

Logwood 264,135,490 

Cocoa 2,7.35,i:55 

Cotton 1,619,891 



Orange Peels $ 459,917 

Crude Sugar 561,47J» 

Mahogany 245,999 

Lignum-vitte 1,063,000 



Exports of Jamaica, 1881-82. 



Sugar .38,392 hhds. 

Rum 22,742 puncheons 

Bananas $481,838 



Oranges $163,923 

Coffee 649,848 

Dye-woode 601,415 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



175 



MAP OF CENTRAL AMERICA AND WEST INDIES. 




176 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



COSTA RICA. 



Kos'ta Kee'ka. 



The most southern republic of Central America. Area, 26,040 
equare miles. Population, 190,000. There are many volcanic peaks: 
Turrlalba, 12,500 feet high; Chiriqui, 11,265 feet high; Los Votos, 
9,840 feet high. 

.The chief executive, the President, elected for a term of 4 years, 
is assisted by 5 ministers. Legislative power is vested in a Congress 
of Deputies, chosen for 4 years. Capital, San Jose; pop., 20,000. 

The principal products of the soil are coffee, sugar, maize, cocoa, 
Barsaparilla and fruits. The principal export is coffee. Value of 
exports, 1883, $2,431,625; of which coffee amounted to $2,000,590. 
Imports chiefly manufactures from England, $2,081,805. Revenue for 
fiscal year of 1885, $2,867,170, mainly derived from customs duties 
and the monopoly on spirits; expenditure, $2,961,110. In 1884, 
$341,440 were expended for public works. There are about 104 
miles of railway, telegraph, 451 miles. 

The state religion is the Roman Catholic; constitution guarantees 
religious liberty. There are 341 national schools and 584 private 
Bchools; total number of pupils, 13,924. 



NICARAGUA. 



Nik-ar-a'gwa. 



Largest of the Central American states. Area, 49,500 square 
miles. Population, 400,000. Fifty-five per cent, of inhabitants are 
Indians. Climate is healthy ; mean annual temperature about 80°; 
rainfall about 100 inches. Constitution adopted 1858. Prcbid- ntial 
term, 4 years. Legislative power rests with a Senate and a House 
of Representatives. Capital, Managua; population, 12,000. 

Through want of peace and industry the great natural resources 
are undeveloped. Lead, iron, zinc, antimony, tin, quicksilver 
and gold are found. The vegetable products are cotton, coffee, 
Indigo, rice, tobacco and corn. There are about 400,000 cattle in 
the country. Leading exports in 1882: coffee, $659,550; India rubber, 
$638,010; gold, $150,000. Imports for the same year, $1,477,340; 
exports, $1,895,760. 

Army, 703 regixlars and 9,600 militiamen. Number of schools, 178; 
pupils, 8,330. Vessels entered, 1882, 213; tonnage, 256,000. Tele- 
graph, 1882, 800 miles ; railway, 83 miles. 



SAN SALVADOR. 



Sai-va-dOr'. 



In area the smallest, in population the second, of the Central 
American republics. It extends along the Pacific coast 170 miles. 
Average breadth, 43 miles; area, 7,225 square miles. Population, 
554,785. . 

Constitution adopted 1864 ; amended 1883. Government adminis- 
tered by a President, elected for 4 years, and a ministry of 4 mem- 
bers. The legislative power is vested in a Senate and House of 
Representatives. Capital, San Salvador; population, 18,500. 

The temperature varies greatly; but the climate is generally con- 
sidered healthful. This is the' most advanced and best cultivated 
of the republics. Principal agricultural products, indigo, coffee, 
sugar and balsam. Minerals are not abundant, though there are 
some rich veins of silver. Value of silver ores, 1882, $700,000. 

Latest reports give ralue of imports as $2,327,765; exports, 
$5,638,080. Value of coffee exported, $3,416,100; indigo, $1,812,590; 
sugar, $93,2.30. In the same year 265 vessels entered the ports. 

The army consists of 1,200 men and 2,500 militia. 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 177 



i^ 



GUATEMALA. 



Gaw-te-mah'la. 



The most populous of the five Central American republics. Area, 
41,830 square miles. Population, 1884,1,278.311. Climate health- 
ful; enow never falls; frequent violent earthquakes occur. Watered 
by numerous rivers. 

Constitution adopted 1859; amended 1879. President is chief 
executive; legislative power in the hands of National Assembly; 
President and members of Assembly elected for 6 years ; suffrage 
universal. Capital, New Guatemala; pop., 55,728. 

The soil is fertile; cotton, sugar cane, coffee and tobacco are 
grown. Koads are poor. Coftee crop, 1884, over 42,000.(X)0 lbs. Sugar, 
wool and fruit trade recently developed. In 1882, number of 
land-owners 5,334. 

Imports, 1884, valued at $2,630,100; exports, $3,716,240. Miles of 
railway, 105. Miles of telegraph, 2,880; 1,100 miles controlled by 
the state. 

Army consists of 2,180 men, rank and file; 33,000 mUitiamen. 
There is no navy. 

In 1882, sum spent on education, $434,753; state contributed $323,- 
360; in 1883 there were 844 primary government schools; number 
night schools, 48; pupils attending all schools, 42,021. 



HONDURAS. 



Hon-doo'ras. 



Republic established November 5, 1838. Area, 39,600 square miles. 
Population, 458,000. Capital, Tegucigalpa; pop., 12,000. Numerous 
mountains; between them fertile valleys. Coast line on the Pa- 
cific, 40 miles ; Atlantic, 400 miles. Many excellent harbors; many 
rivers, some of them navi,^able. 

Government consists of President, 6 ministers, and an Assem- 
bly of 37 Representatives. Finances badly disordered ; foreign debt, 
$26,125,106; interest unpaid, $24,308,846. Standing army, 830 men ; 
militia, 31,500. Navy, 2 steam corvettes, with 8 guns. 

The products are mahogany, fruit, cotton, cattle, coffee, tobacco, 
indigo, India rubber and rosewood. Exports from Truxillo, 1883, 
$804,550; 26,000 head of cattle; mahogany valued at $88,000; hides 
and deer skins, $40,000, Total exports, 1883, $2,193,149; imports, 
$1,749,146. 

Railway, 29 miles. Telegraph, 1,800 miles; oflaces, 23; messages, 
107,730. Universities, 2; several colleges ; 573 schools, with attend- 
ance oi 20,518. 

BRITISH HONDURAS. Hon..oo.a. 

A British colony in Central America. Area, 7,563 square miles. 
Population, 27,452. Coast low aud swampy; land gradually rises; 
on the inland boundary are hills of from 800 to 1,000 feet high; 
mountains 4,000 feet hi»h. Sixteen rivers descend from elevated 
lands. Climate hot and damp; temperature, 1878-79, 75°; rain- 
fall, 105.49 inches, unusually heavy. 

Government in the hands of Lieutenant Governor, an executive 
and a Legislative Council. Capital, Belize; pop., 5,767. Soil fertile. 
Sugar cane is grown; fruits flourish; the staple products, however, 
are the natural woods of the colony. Annual export of mahogany, 
3,000,000 feet; logwood, 15,000 tons; estimated value of fruit ex- 
ports, $100,000. Total imports, 1883, $1,344,865; exports, $1,514,345. 
Large trade with neighboring republics. 



178 ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 



JAMAICA. 



Ja-mS'ka. 



An island of the West Indies; formally ceded to Great Britain, in 
1670, by the treaty of Madrid; most valuable possession of the 
British Crown in the West Indies. Area, including the Turks and 
CaicoB Islands, annexed in 1873, 4,862 square miles. Population, 
585,536. Surface mountainous. There is a great variety of climate. 
Temperature in lowlands, 95° at night, 85° in the day; in highlands, 
40° to 50°. Produces most of the tropical staples; the rosewood, 
mahogany and ebony of the island are well known. 
' Latest reports give 121,457 acres under crops; 120,264 in puinea 
grass, and 318,549 in pasture. Principal exports: coffee, 9,572,714 
lbs.; ginger, 908,603 lbs.; pimento, 6,195,109 lbs.; 89,000 hhds. of 
Bugar; 18,115 puncheons of rum, and 35,157 tons of logwood. Value 
of fruit exported in same year, $197,265. Total value of imports, 
1882, $6,609,810; exports, $7,745,290. 

Governor is assisted by r Privy Council and Legislative Council. 
Kingston, the chief city and port, is the capital; pop., 38,566. 

Miles of railway, 25 ; 50 miles in process of construction. Tele- 
graph stations and postoffices in every town and village. 

SAN DOMINGO. SanDomeeiggo. 

A republic occupying the eastern and larger portion of the island 
of Hayti. Area, 18,045 square miles. Country first settled by Span- 
iards under Columbus in 1492. Republic founded 1844. President 
elected for a term of 4 years; legislative power in the hands of a 
National Congress. Capital, San Domingo, founded 1494; popula- 
tion, 10,000. 

The country is very fertile. Principal products, sugar, molasses, 
tobacco, cotton, coffee, cacao, fruits, mahogany and live stock. 
The production of sugar and molasses is largely on the increase. 
Latest reports give $5,000,000 capital invested in sugar factories ; 
amount of product, 10,000 tons. 

Value of imports, 1883, $3,142,100; exports, $2,129,265. At the 
two most important ports, San Domingo and Puerto Plata, there 
entered, in 1883, 297 vessels, of 192,042 tons. 



HAYTI. 



Ha'tee. 



A republic, occupying the west part of the Island of Hayti. Area, 
10,204 square miles. Population, 572,000. Capital, Port au Prince; 
pop., 35,000. Nine-tenths of total population are negroes. Essentially 
mountainous. In plains, temperature rises to 95° and 100° ; on high 
lands, ranges between 60° and 76°. Constitution was adopted 1867. 
President is elected for 4 years ; National Assembly consists of Sen- 
ate and House of Commons. Mountains cultivable almost to their 
summits ; covered with valuable timber. Agriculture is backward, 
though the soil is probably the most fertile in the West Indies. 
Business of the country transacted by foreigners. 

Finances badly deranged; foreign debt, $6,409,970; no interest 
paid on debt for years. Revenue, ?4,500,000;expenditureE, $7,000,000, 
Three-fourths of revenue derived from duties on imports and ex- 
ports. Imports, 1881, $7,283,620; exports, $6,240,460. In same year, 
792 vessels entered, and 768 vessels cleared, the ports of Hayti. 

By a law of 1878, army consists of 6,828 men*; the Guard of the 
Government, 650 men. 

Language of the country, French; religion, Roman Catholic. 



ATLAS OF TBE WORLD. 179 



CUBA. Ku'ba, 



A Spanish colony in the West Indies. Area, 43,220 square miles. 
Population, 1,521,684 ; 50 per cent, of the inhabitants are blacks and 
enfranchised slaves. The greatest length of the island is 760 miles; 
width varies from 20 to 135 miles ; coast line about 2,000 miles. Sur- 
face is broken by a mountain chain running through its centre from 
east to west ; average altitude of summit is between 5,000 and 6,000 
feet. Pico de Turquino, 7,670 feet, is the highest peak. There are 
over 260 rivers, all valueless for navigation purposes, except tha 
Cauto. Mineral springs abound. 

But little attention has been paid to the development of the min- 
eral wealth. Gold was obtained by the early colonists, but for two 
centuries comparatively none has been found. There are extensive 
copper mines, and coal is abundant. Copperas and alum have also 
been obtained. 

Rainfall at Havana: in the wet season, 27.8 inches; dry season, 
12.7 inches. Average temperature: at Havana, 77° ; at Santiago de 
Cuba, 80°. Yellow fever and earthquakes are frequent. 

Thirteen million acres of Cuban territory are uncleared forests; 
7,000,000 wild and uncultivated. Principal woods grown and ex- 
ported are mahogany, rosewood, Cuban ebony, and cedar. 

Tobacco and sugar raising principal occupation of the people. 
Many sugar plantations comprise 10,000 acres each. 

Two crops of Indian com grown per year; rice, cotton, cacao and 
indigo also produced; most tropical fruits are abundant. Sugar 
product averagos 520,000 tons per year; molasses, 79,365 liocsheaas. 
Total value of agricultural products over $90,000,000. United Statei 
receives 80 per cent, of Cuban sugar. No manufactures deserving 
mention. 

Latest reports give exports of cigars 225,000.000 per annum; leaf 
tobacco, 13.500,000 pounds. There are about 900 miles of railway. 
Marine cable connects Cuba with Florida. 

Roman Catholicism is the only religion tolerated. Education 
compulsory; school attendance, 34,813. 

Havana is the capital; pop., 25,000. Government administered by 
a Captain General, appointed by the Spanish Crown. The island is 
now represented in the Spanish Cortes, Madrid. 



PORTO RICO. 



POr'to Ree'ko. 



The smallest of the Greater Antilles. Area, including dependen- 
cies, 3,550 square miles. Population, 754,313. Rectangular in shape; 
length, 100 miles; breadth, 40 miles. A range of mountains ex- 
tends across the island from east to west; highest peak, 3,678 feet. 

The island is very fertile ; its principal products are sugar cane, 
coffee, tobacco, cotton, rice and Indian corn. In proportion to its 
area, it produces more sugar than any other West India island. 

Government is administered under a constitution granted by the 
Spanish Cortes, 1869. Slavery was abolished in 1873. Capital, San 
Juan; pop. about 27,000. Climate warm; more healthful than that 
of the other Antilles. Destructive hurricanes are frequent. The 
natural productions are very numerous; medicinal plants and many 
valuable woods, as mahogany, ebony, logwood, and cedar, abound 
in the forests. Business in the hands of foreigners. Imports, 1871, 
$17,500,000; exports, $15,500,000. Export of sugar, 111,084 tons; 
molasses, 7,590,915 gallons. 

Telegraphic cable connects Porto Rico with other West Indies; 
telegraph lines connect the principal towns; there are no railroads. 



180 



ATLAS OF THE WOBLD. 



MAP OF CUBA. 




ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



181 



SOUTH AMERICA. 

A vast, compact,. triangular peninsula, forming southern portion 
of Westerr Continent. Area, 6,827,230 square miles ; extreme 
length, 4,550 miles ; extreme hreadth, about 3,300 miles. Kumber 
political divisions, 11. 



Divisions. 



Argentine Republic 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Chili 

Colombia 

Ecuador 

Guiana, British 

Guiana, French 

Guiana, Dutch 

Parcguay 

Peru 

Uruguay 

Venezuela 



S^^ll^g^ Population. 



1,125,086 

842,729 

3.288,963 

256,399 

504,773 

248,370 

76,000 

48,000 

46,060 

91,970 

503,718 

73,538 

632,695 



3,026,000 
2,300,000 
9,883,622 
2,271,949 
4,000,000 

946,0.33 

248,110 
36,760 
68,255 

346,048 
2,699,945 

438,245 
2.121.988 



Capitals. 



Buenos Ayres . 

La Paz 

Rio de Janeiro 

Santiago 

Bogota 

Quito 

Georgetown . 

Cayenne 

Paramaribo . . . 

Asuncion 

Lima 

Montevideo.. . 
Caracas 



Pop. 



295,000 

76,373 

274,972 

200,000 

100,000 

80,000 

36,562 

10,000 

27,416 

16,000 

101,488 

115,500 

55,638 



PRINCIPAIi liAKES. 
Maracaybo, area 4,900 sq. miles. | Titicaca, area. 



.4,000 sq. miles. 



LENGTHS 

Miles. 

Amazon 3,750 

Caroni 400 

Cauca 600 

Guaviare 450 

Madeira 2,000 

Magdalena 900 

Meta 500 



OF RIVERS. 

Miles. 

Parana 2,000 

Pilcomayo 1,000 

Purus 2,000 

San Francisco 1,550 

Tocantins 1,000 

Uruguay 800 

Xingu 1,300 



LATEST REPORTED VALUE EXPORTS. 



Cotton : 

Brazil * $4,063,650 

Colombia 32,560 

Venezuela 36,449 

Sugar : 

Brazil 16,250,000 

Peru 2,354,095 

Coffee : 

Brazil 52,720.000 

Colombia 2,.396,337 

Venezuela 9,930 430 

British Guiana 3,019 

Cocoa : 

Colombia 15,576 

Venezuela 1,602,443 

Ecuador 3,768,670 



Diamonds: 
Brazil 

Tobacco: 

Brazil 

Paraguay 

Venezuela 

Rubber: 

Brazil 

Ecuador 

Hides: 

Brazil 

Colombia 

Venezuela . .. 
British Guiana 

Indigo : 

Colombia 

Venezuela 



.$ 370,316 



5,344,500 

658,650 

58,778 

5,965,000 
428,800 

4,040,750 

1,000,608 

395.915 

11,703 

8,860 
23,390 



183 



ATLAS OF TilE WORLD. 



MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. 




ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 183 

UNITED STATES OF COLOMBIA. 

A federal republic in the northwestern part of South America, 
composed of 9 States. Area, 5U4,773 square miles. The country is 
traversed by three ranges of the Andes Mountains. There are numer- 
ous large, navigable rivers, tributaries of the Orinoco and Amazon. 

The constitution was adopted in 18G3. Government in the hands 
of a President, elected for 2 years, a ministry of 7 members, and 
a Congress composed of a Senate and House of Representatives, 
Capitalj Bogota ; population, 100,000. Strength of the Federal Army 
determined by Congress. Peace footing for 1882-83, 4,000 men. 

The climate varies according to the elevation: the coast lands are 
usually hot and sickly; but the high table lands, as a rule, possess a 
genial climate; that of Bogota is unusually fine. 

The mineral wealth of Colombia is very great; one-sixth of the 
exports consist of precious metals. Agriculture and stock raising 
are the leading pursuits. Value of imports, 1883, $11,504,028 ; ex- 
ports, $14,857,170. Two-thirds of the exports consist of cinchona 
and coffee. The transit trade through the ports of Panama and 
Aspinwall is of far greater importance than the direct commerce ; 
its value is estimated as not less than $85,000,000 per annum. 

There are many native products, among which are fine woods, 
cacao, India rubber, ipecac, calisaya bark, cochineal, earsaparilla 
and logwood. These, and tobacco, cinchona, cofl'ee, sugar, indigo, 
rice, cotton, hides, ores and Panama hats, form the chief exports. 

In 1883, 1,513 vessels, of 709,175 tons, entered the ports of Colombia. 
Number of miles of railway in the republic, 140. It is expected 
that the ship canal across the Isthmus of Panama will be opened in 
1888. The company have a subscribed capital of $125,000,000. 



VENEZUELA. 



Ven^ez-wee'la. 



A republic of South America, formed in 1830. The republic was, 
in 1881, subdivided into 8 States, 1 Federal District, 8 Territories 
and 2 national settlements. Area, according to an official statement 
of 1884, 632,695 square miles ; population, 2,121,988. The Andes 
Mountains cross the northern part from west to east; the Orinoco 
and other important rivers pass through the southern part. 

Executive power is in the hands of a President, who exercises his 
authority through a ministry of 6 and a Federal Council of 16 mem- 
bers ; legislative, in a Congress of two Houses, the Senate and House 
of Representatives. Vice-President chosen by the Council. Capi- 
tal, Caracas; population, 55,638. Chief towns, Valencia (population, 
36,145) and Barquisimeto (population, 28.918). Army: peace foot- 
ing, 2,545 officers and men ; war footing, 350,000. 

Mineral resources very great. Venezuela gold fields among the 
richest in the world; iron and copper abundant. Value of mmeral 
products, 1884, $4,452,050 ; gold, $3,243,380. Latest reports give value 
of imports as $17,253,130; exports, $19,720,225. 

Agriculture the most important industry. Number engaged in it, 
1884, 375,820; number of acres cultivated, 852,500. Coftee the most 
important product ; total value of product, 1884, $11,255,000; value, 
of sugar product, $7,686,000 ; corn, $6,000,000 ; cocoa, $2,998,000. 
Latest reports give number of cattle as 2,926,733; goats and sheep, 
3,490,563; horses, 291,603; mules, 906,467; swine, 976,500. 

State religion, Roman Catholic; all others tolerated. In 1883 the 
government spent $500,000 in public instruction. Number univer- 
sities, 2; colleges, 33; normal schools, 5; other schools, 1,794. Num- 
ber of miles of railway, 1884, 102 ; telegraphs, 1,145 miles. 



184 



ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



MAP OF U. S. OF COLOMBIA, VENEZUELA AND GUIANA 




ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 185 



BRITISH GUIANA. 



Ghe-a'na. 



A territory in northeast part of South America. First settled by 
the Dutch, 1580. Acquired by the British in 1803; formally ceded in 
1814. Estimated area, 76,000 square miles. Population, 248,110. 
Crossed by two great mountain systems. Contains many rivers ; 
largest, Essequibo, 600 miles long, noted for magnificent cataracts. 
Thermometer rises to 90" in warm weather; falls to 75° In winter 
Beason; mean annual average at Georgetown, 81°. Kainfall per year, 
about 72 inches. 

Vegetation is luxuriant. Large sections are covered with valuable 
forests, which furnish exhauetless supplies of timber, largely used 
for Bhipbuilding. Number sugar plantations, 120; cofi"ee estates, 
12. Sugar forms 92 per cent, of exports ; latest reports give 111,156 
hhds. Rum exported, 32,531 puncheons; rum issued for home con- 
Bumption, 330,392 gals. Export of molasses, 17,084 casks; timber 
export, 464,436 cubic feet. Total imports, 1882, $10,498,160 ; exports, 
$16,043,155. 

Government administered by a Governor appointed by British 
Crown, and a Court of Policy. 

Georgetown the capital; pop., 36,562. Number of schools sanc- 
tioned by Board of Education, 177; Church or England, 81. 



DUTCH GUIANA. 



Ghe-a'na. 



Lies east of British Guiana, often called Stirinam from the river 
of that name. Coast line, 220 miles. Dutch first visited the coun- 
try about 1580 ; but the first settlement in Surinam was made by an 
Englishman, in 1630. Area, 46,060 square miles. Population, 
68,255; 54,t;02 negroes. 

Local government consists of a Governor and Colonial Assembly. 
Capital, Paramaribo; population, 27,416. 

Mean annual temperature, 80.4°; coldest month mercury falls 
to 78°; warmest, mercury rises to 99°. Raiulall, 99 inches; at 
Paramaribo the average of eight years was 101 inches. 

Large tracts of territory covered with primeval forests. Great 
staple of Guiana is sugar; average yearly export, about 10,645 tons. 
First cocoa sent to Amsterdam, 1733; the average yearly production 
is now more than 13,000 tons. Cotton and cofEee rank next. Gold- 
mining is a growing industry. Latest reported value of exports, 
$1,151,070; imports, $1,316,355. 



FRENCH GUIANA. 



Ghe-a'na. 



East of Dutch Guiana. Area, 48,000 square miles. Population, 
36,760. Coast line low and swampy. Large portion of the territory 
is covered with dense forests. Rainy season from November to 
June. Rainfall at Cayenne, 10 feet per year; heavier in the interior. 
Temperature: in summer, 86°; winter, mean, 79°, and seldom sinks 
BO low as 70°. In this century there have been three earthquakes. 

Administration in the hands of Governor and Military Com- 
mandant. 

Capital, Cayenne; pop., 10,000. 

Coffee, introduced in 1716, is extensively grown. Guiana cocoa, 
bread-fruit, arrow-root, bananas, yams, oil, and date palm are among 
the products ; but the principal source of food is manioc. Contains 
valuable gold deposits. French criminal penitentiaries located in 
this country. 



186 ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



BRAZIL 



Brazil'. 



This is the largest of the South American countries, and the only 
empire in the New World. Contains many rivers. Amazon, the 
longest, drains 800,000 square miles of Brazilian territory. Temper- 
ature in the valley of the Amazon ranges from 68° to 95°, while at 
Rio' Janeiro the average is 75°. Area, 3,288,963. Population, 9,883,622. 
Capital, Rio do Janeiro; pop., 274,972. 

Executive power is vested in the Emperor, ministers and Sec- 
retaries of State; legislative authority rests with the Senate and 
Chamber of Deputies. The empire is divided into 20 Provinces. 

Country rich in minerals and precious stones. Total value of 
diamond washings for the first 100 years was about $20,000,000. 
Diamond mines are now owned by private individuals. Manufac- 
tures in late years improved by the introduction of American ma- 
chinery. 

During the last 16 years the increase in exports has been 20 per 
cent. ; in imports, 22 per cent. The value of coffee exported in 
1882-83 was $52,720,000; sugar, $16,250,000; raw cotton, $4,063,650; 
tobacco, $5,344,500; India rubber, $5,965,000. Total imports, 1882-83, 
$111,434,300; exports. $134,945,100. In 1883, 2,989 vessels, of 
2,367,296 tons, entered; and 2,522, of 2,095,237 tons, cleared, Brazil- 
ian ports. 

Number miles railway, January, 1884, 3,500; 1,500 in process of 
construction. Telegraph system under the control of the govern- 
ment; miles of wire in 1883, 4,900. Army, on peace footing, 13,500 
strong; in time of war, 32,00(J. Naval force consists of 35 steam 
vessels, with 123 guns and 5,704 seamen. 

Established religion, Roman Catholic. Clergy are supported by 
the state. Compulsory education exists in several Provinces ; 84 
per cent, of population is illiterate. Total number of schools, 6,685. 



BOLIVIA. B0..ive.a. 



A republic of South America, named in honor of Simon Bolivar; 
formed, in 1825, from provinces of Upper Peru; ceded all coast ter- 
ritory to Chili in 1880. Area, 842,729 square miles. Population, 
2,300,000. Surface broken by tv/o mountain ranges. Highest peak, 
Sahama, 22,350 feet; many volcanoes. Lake Titicaca is the largest 
inland body of water in South America; area, 4,000 square miles. 
Madeira river, with tributaries, navigable for 3,000 miles in Bolivia. 
La Paz chief city ; pop., 76,372. Capital, Sucre or Chuquieaca. 

President elected for 4 years. Legislative power rests with a 
Congress of 2 chambers, — Senate and House of Representatives. 
Universal suffrage prevails; Vice-President is appointed by the 
President. 

The climate embraces all degrees of heat and cold. The products 
of two zones are found iu Bolivia. Ebony, rosewood, mahogany, 
cinchona, and other valuable trees abound. Manufactures limited to 
coarse cotton cloth, hate, cordage^ leather and alpaca. Tin, copper, 
gold, and vast quantities of India rubber of the finest quality abound. 
Silver mines almost inexhaustible; annual yield of the Cerro de Po- 
tosi mines, $3,250,000. Two-thirds of exports are silver. Imports 
faverage $6,150,000; exports, $9,000,000. 

Standing army, 2,421 men; generals and other ofiicers, 1,021 ; two- 
thirds of revenue goes to support the army. 

Roman Catholic the prevailing religion;" other creeds tolerated; 4 
universities. In 1884 but 12,000 pupils and students at schools and 
colleges. Three railroads open for trafiic. 



ATLAS OF THE WOELD. 



187 



MAP OF BRAZIL, BOLIVIA, PERU AND ECUADOR 




188 ATLAS OF TUE WORLD. 



ECUADOR. 



Ek-wa-dOr' 



A republic of South America, constituted 1830 ; situated on the 
equator, from vvhicb it takes its name. Extremely mountainous ; 
traversed from north to south by three ranges of the Andes. Most 
lofty peaks: Cotopaxi, 13,880 feet; Chimborazo, 21,424; Cayambe, 
19,831. Climate, on the coast, hot; on the high table lands, cold 
and bleak; valleys are free from extremes of temperature. Area, 
248,370 square miles. Population, 946,033. Quito, the capital, has 
80,000 inhabitants; Guayaquil, the principal seaport, 26,000. Quito 
is the highest inhabited city, being 9,500 feet above sea-level. 

Ecuador w^as formed from the American Free State, founded by 
Simon Bolivar. Executive power rests with a President, elected 
for 4 years; legislative, with a Congress of two houses. President 
and Vice-Prenident are nominated by 900 chosen electors. Vice- 
President is President of the Council of State. Hereditary rights 
or privileges prohibited by law. Belief in the Roman Catholic 
church, qualification for suifrage. 

The soil of Ecuador will grow the products of every zone. There 
is a copious growth of the cinchona tree, sarsaparilla, vanilla, 
copaiba, balsam of Tolu, etc. Many fibrous plants, suitable for the 
manufacture of paper and cordage, are found in profusion. The im- 
mense mineral wealth is untouched; agriculture is neglected; manu- 
factures are insignificant. The roads afEord no facilities for com- 
merce, being mostly mule tracks. Miles of railway number 
but 75. 

Export of cocoa, 1883, valued at $3,372,200; India rubber, $428,800. 
Total value of exports, $4,923,300; imports, about $6,000,000. In 
1883, 151 vessels, of 155,283 tons, entered, and 160 vessels, of 158,970 
tons, cleared the port of Guayaquil. 

Only 7.5 per cent, of population can read or write. In 1884, stand- 
ing army fixed at 1,600 men. 



PERU. 



Pe-roo' 



A republic of South America. Area, previous to the war with 
Chili, 503,718 square miles. Population, 2.699,945. Since the war 
about 70,000 square miles of Peruvian territory are occupied by 
Chili. Traversed by two systems of the Andes Mountains; highest 
point is the volcano of Misti, 20,300 feet above sea-level. Tem- 
perature at Callao about 60° ; Lima about 70°. 

Independence declared in 1821. The government is administered 
by the President, Senate and House of Reprcsentalives. The Peru- 
vian constitution is planned after that of the United States. Lima, 
the capital, has a population of about 100,000. 

The chief occupations are sheep raising, agriculture and mining; 
manufactures unimportant. Mountain valleys are very fertile; 
mountains are rich in minerals. Between 1853 and 1872, 8,000,000 
tons of guano were taken from the Chincha Islands. Latest reliable 
reports give: imports, $24,000,000; exports (exclusive of guano and 
nitre), $31,000,000. Principal exports are guano, nitrate of soda, 
wool, sugar, silver and cinchona. 

State finances deranged by the late war with Chili; foreign debt, 
$164,765,000: arrears in interest, $65,964,970. Railway system pro- 
jected in 1852; miles of lice, 1878, 2.030. Telegraph lines, 1878, 
1,382 miles. I'he merchant marine, 1877, consisted of 147 vessels, 
with a combined capacity of 49,660 tons. Army and navy were 
almost annihilated in the war with Chili ; army now consists of 
13,200 men ; navy, of 18 steam vessels, with 66 guns. 



ATLAS OF THE WOULD. 189 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



Ar'jen-tine. 



A republic of South America. Total area, 1,125.086 square miles. 
Total population, 1882, 3,020,000. Foreigners: Italians, 123,641 ; 
French, 55,432; Spaniards, 69,032; Germans, 8,616; English, 17,950. 
Population of Buenos Ayres, the capital, was, la 1883, 295,000; 
Rosario has a population of 32,304; Cordova, 39,651 ; ten towns have 
over 10,000 inhabitants. Population rapidly increasing from immi- 
gration, la. 1877 immigrants numbered 28,708; 1880, 41,615; 1882, 
69,843; during first nine months of 1883, 73,310. The country is 
divided into 14 Provinces. Executive power is vested in a President, 
elected for a term of 6 years; legislative power is vested in a Con- 
gress, composed of a Senate and House of Deputies, President and 
Vice-President must be Koman Catholics. Constitution almost 
identical with that of the United States. 

Public revenue derived from heavy customs duties. Income for 
1884, $32,460,000; import dues, $21,115,000; export dues, $3,010,000; 
total expenditure, $32,460,000. Annual exports: wool, $28,250,000; 
hides, $14,000,0C0; eheep skins, $4,2.50,000; tallow, $6,000,000; live 
animals, $1,750,000; maize, $2,100,000, 

The area devoted to agriculture is yearly increasing. In 1882 the 
confederation possessed 14,306,499 horned cattle, 72,683,045 sheep, 
4,856,808 horses. Total value of live stock, $210,000,000. In 1882 
the wheat product of the province of Santa Fe was 2,250,000 
bushels. 

Miles of railway, 2,500, and 651 miles are being constructed. In 
1884 there were 9,800 miles of telegraph line, 8,060 miles owned by 
the state. 

Many navigable rivers afford excellent facilities for transportation. 
The Uruguay river is navigable for 200 miles; the Kio Negro, for 
500; and the Colorado, for 150. 

There are universities at Buenos Ayres and Cordova; professors, 
66; students, 923: there are also 28 middle class and normal schools, 
and 1,935 primary. 

The army in 1884 consisted of 7,312 officers and men; militia and 
National Guard, 350,000. Service in National Guard compulsory; 
regular army supplied by recruitment. 



URUGUAY. 



Oo-roo-gwi' 



This South American republic formed a Brazilian Province until 
1825. Independence recognized by treaty of Montevideo, 1828; con- 
stitution proclamed 1831. Area estimated at 73,538 square miles. 
Population, 438,245. Government in the hands of a President, 
elected for four years, assisted by 5 ministers, and a Parliament com- 
posed of two houses. Capital, Montevideo; population, 115,500. 

The country forms a vast rolling plain, abounding in natural pas- 
tures. The chief industry is the rearing of cattle and sheep. It is 
estimated that 35,000,000 acres are used for pastoral purposes, on 
which are 6,711,778 cattle and 20,000,000 sheep. Chief agricultural 
products, wheat and Indian com. Climate is generally humid, but 
temperate and healthful. 

Revenue derived from customs duties. Commerce active. Value 
of imports, 1883, $21,634,475 ; exports, $26,831,555. Principal arti- 
cles of export, cattle, hides, tallow, and dried and preserved meats. 

Permanent army numbers 3,494 men, besides an armed police 
force of 3,200, and a national guard of 20,000 men. State religion, 
Roman Catholic. Number of children in all schools, 40,000, Hilea 
of railway, 1884, 271 ; of telegraph, 1,405. 



190 ATLAS OF TEE WOULD. 



CHILI. 



Chil'lee. 



A republic of South America. Area, 256,399 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 2,271,949. This country is long and narrow, embracing ex- 
tremes of temperature. Mean annual temperature at Santiago, 55° ; 
at Valparaiso, 58°. Spring begins in September; winter, in June. 
Lakes and rivers are few; both are fed by the snow melting in the 
Andes; they are worthless for navigation, but valuable for irrigation 
purposes. Surface ia mountainous ; mean elevation of Andes, 
11,830 feet; Aconcagua, the highest peak, 22,420 feet. 

Chili is divided into 18 Provinces and 4 Territories. The consti- 
tution of 1833 vests the legislative power in a Senate and a Cham- 
ber of Deputies. Executive power rests with a President, a Council 
of State, and a Cabinet of 5 ministers. Capital, Santiago; pop., 
200,000. The potato is indigenous. Olive trees, mulberries and 
vines flourish. Cedar is the most important tree in Chili. Fruit 
is plentiful. This republic is rich in gold and silver, and especially 
in copper. Wheat the most important cereal product ; value of 
■wheat exported in 1882, $6,649,345. Value of chief exports in 1883: 
iodine, $2,987,490 ; bar copper, $14,339,400 ; silver, $4,624,110. Rev- 
enue for 1884, $49,900,000, one-half of which was derived from 
customs duties and monopolies; expenditure, $46,536,550. Total 
exports in 1883 were valued at $79,732,550; imports, $54,447,060. 

The Chilian commercial marine consisted, 1883, of 131 vessels, 
of 53,071 tons. In 1882, 1,482, of 1,367,849 tons, entered, and 1,428, 
of 1,431,028 tons, cleared, the various ports of Chili. 

One of the first states in South America to construct railways; 
length of line in 188:3, 1,378 miles, of which 600 miles belonged to 
the state; cost of state lines, $42,141,686, In 1883 there were 6,840 
miles of telegraph line, property of the state. By a law of 1884 
the strength of the army can not exceed 12,410; at the same date 
the National Guard numbered 51,826, of whom 17,408 were on duty. 
Navy consists of over 20 war vessels. 

State religion is the Roman Catholic; all creeds are protected; 
clergy is subsidized by the state; civil marriage is acknowledged by 
law. Besides the National Institute at Santiago, there are many 
colleges of different kinds ; many agricultural and other special 
echools. There were, in 1883, 5,043 students attending universities 
and colleges. The attendance at the 724 public primary schools was 
60.541. 

PARAGUAY. Pa-ra-gwr. 

A republic of South America, entirely inland. Area, 91,970 square 
miles. Population, 346,048. Became independent in 1811; was 
ruled by Dr. Francia for 25 years. The government is entrusted to 
a President and Congress. Capital, Asuncion; pop., 16,000. 

Soil and forests are very great sources of wealth. Manufactures 
are few and crude. The country ia well watered by numerous 
streams and lakes. Three crops of tobacco per year are grown; 
home consumption, 15,000,000 lbs.; export, about 7.500,000 lbs. 
Sugar cane yields well; in 1882 there were 37.500,000 pounds of 
sugar produced. Maize returns one hundred and forty fold ; rice, 
two hundred and fifty fold. Mate, or Paraguayan tea, the most im- 
portant product. Imports, 1881, $1,278,000; exports, $1,928,500. 
The state owes Brazil and allies $236,000,000; Foreign debt, 
$17,315,000. 

Army numbers 607 men, lately reduced in order to diminish ex- 
penses. Railway, 45 miles; telegraph, 45 miles. 



ATLAS OF THE WOELD. 



191 



MAP OF CHILI, ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, PARAGUAY AND URUGUAY. 




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